SCO appears to have given up its claim that the GPL is unconstitutional! Here is SCO's Answer to IBM's Second Amended Counterclaims as text, and you will see that SCO has dropped that affirmative defense in this newly filed amended pleading. Oh, and it doesn't violate the export laws or copyright law or antitrust law, either. SCO made a mistake it seems, and now, like Gilda Radner's classic Emily Litella skit on the old Saturday Night Live, they say, "Never mind." Maybe BayStar talked some sense into them. Here is a list of all the defenses it has dropped, according to my reckoning, which you can verify for yourself by comparing it with SCO's last Amended Answer to IBM's previous Amended Counterclaims. IBM's Second Amended Counterclaims are here, which is the document this filing is responding to. Maybe someone will feel like doing a nice color coded chart showing all the differences? Here is what they have dropped:
DROPPED: "The GPL violates the U.S. Constitution, together with copyright, antitrust and export control laws, and IBM's claims based thereon, or related thereto, are barred."
DROPPED: "IBM lacks standing to assert these claims."
DROPPED: "IBM's purported copyright registrations are invalid and/or IBM has violated copyright laws in respect to its claims alleged and the claims based on, or related to, copyrights are barred."
DROPPED: "IBM is not, or may not be, the owner of the '746, '211, '209, or '785 Patents at issue."
DROPPED: "IBM has failed to join one or more parties needed for just adjudication of the counterclaims, including but not limited to the Free Software Foundation and contributors to the Linux 2.4 and 2.5 kernels." So the silliest of the silly are gone. They were good for a laugh, but now it's time to get real -- after all, in court you have to actually prove what you claim at some point -- so that nonsense has gone bye-bye.
Here's another interesting change, first the IBM statement, followed by SCO's old version answer and then the new (note the numbering is off by one, because of additions to IBM's Second Amended Counterclaims):
IBM New 30: "SCO was founded as Caldera, Inc. in 1994, approximately 25 years after the beginning of the development of Unix and three years after Linus Torvalds began the development of Linux, to develop Linux-based business solutions. In 1998, Caldera, Inc. sold its assets relating to its business of developing and marketing Linux to Caldera Systems, Inc., a newly formed corporation."
SCO Old 29: "Admits that it was originally founded as Caldera, Inc., admits that in 1998 Caldera, Inc. sold certain of its assets to Caldera Systems, Inc., but denies the remaining allegations in ¶29 not specifically admitted herein."
SCO New 30: "Admits that there was an entity known as Caldera, Inc. in 1994, admits that in 1998 Caldera, Inc. sold certain of its assets to Caldera Systems, Inc., but denies the remaining allegations in ¶30 not specifically admitted herein." "There was an entity known as Caldera, Inc. in 1994"? What might that mean? Let's trace the history and see. Here is a 1998 press release giving a bit of the history of Caldera, Inc.: "Caldera, Inc., the parent company of Caldera Systems, Inc. and Caldera Thin Clients, Inc., was founded by Bryan Sparks in October 1994 as a start-up venture funded by Ray Noorda, former CEO of Novell®, Inc." So, in 1994, it was a startup, which was privately held. (This article says it was still privately held in 1996.) And here is a press release from 1999 that fine tunes the story: "Caldera, Inc. was founded by Bryan Sparks in the fall of 1994, and was incorporated in January of 1995. Caldera received initial funding from The Canopy Group, the family trust of Raymond J. Noorda, former Novell, Inc. Chairman and CEO." The most recent SEC S3 filing for the SCO Group tells it like this: "The SCO Group, Inc. was originally incorporated as Caldera Systems, Inc. (Caldera Systems'), a Utah corporation, on August 21, 1998, and reincorporated as a Delaware corporation on March 6, 2000. In March 2000, Caldera Systems completed an initial public offering of its common stock. "On May 7, 2001, Caldera International, Inc. ('Caldera') was formed as a holding company to own Caldera Systems and to acquire substantially all of the assets, liabilities and operations of the server and professional services groups of Tarantella, Inc. ('Tarantella'), formerly The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc., pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Reorganization (the 'Reorganization Agreement'), dated as of August 1, 2000, as amended. Under the Reorganization Agreement, Caldera acquired the tangible and intangible assets used in the server and professional services groups, including all of the capital stock of certain Tarantella subsidiaries. In connection with the formation of Caldera, Caldera Systems became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Caldera. All shares of Caldera Systems' common stock, as well as options to purchase shares of Caldera Systems' common stock, were converted into the same number of shares of common stock of Caldera and options to purchase shares of common stock of Caldera."
And in 2000, SCO (oldSCO) and Caldera Systems, Inc. put out a joint press release that included this story: "Caldera Systems, Inc., (Nasdaq: CALD), a 'Linux for Business' leader and The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc., (SCO) (Nasdaq:
SCOC), the world's leading provider of UNIX operating systems, today announced that Caldera Systems has entered into an agreement to acquire the SCO Server Software Division and the Professional Services Division. The Professional Services Division will operate as a separate business unit of Caldera, to provide services to meet the Internet and eBusiness infrastructure needs of customers. . . .Caldera Systems, Inc. will form a new holding company, Caldera, Inc., to acquire assets from the SCO Server Software Division plus the SCO Professional Services Division, including a highly skilled workforce, products and channel resources. Caldera, Inc. will have exclusive distribution rights for the SCO OpenServer product line, and is fully committed to servicing and supporting the SCO OpenServer customer base.Caldera, Inc. will be headquartered in Orem, Utah, with locations worldwide. The boards of directors of both companies have unanimously approved the acquisition which is subject to the approval of Caldera Systems, Inc. and The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc. stockholders, and regulatory agencies, as well as meeting certain other closing conditions. The companies anticipate closing the transaction during October, 2000. "Following the completion of the acquisition, Ransom Love, current president and CEO of Caldera Systems, Inc. will become CEO of Caldera, Inc., and David McCrabb, current president of the SCO Server Software Division, will become president and COO of Caldera, Inc. Jim Wilt, current president of the SCO Professional Services Division will become president of the newly formed Caldera Services Division. Doug Michels, president and CEO of The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc., will join the Caldera, Inc. board of directors. SCO will also appoint a second representative to the board of Caldera, Inc.. . . Caldera, Inc. was co-founded in 1994 by Ransom Love. Caldera Systems, Inc. was founded by Ransom Love in 1998 to develop Linux-based business solutions." As you can see, the name Caldera, Inc. has a bit of mileage on it. I believe SCO's strange "There was an entity known as Caldera, Inc." has reference to this name changing strategy, which does indeed make it hard to know exactly who is who and which Caldera, Inc. you are referring to.
Why quibble? This is the happy day that SCO acknowledges by its actions -- although it failed to put out a press release -- that the GPL isn't unconstitutional after all. A little smear here, a little smear there, and then, poof. All gone. "Sorry for having questioned your legality and trying to make people think you are subversive and unconstitutional and all. Our mistake." Of course, they didn't actually apologize. I'm just horsing around and pretending to apologize in their voice. You wouldn't want to hold your breath waiting for them to say they are sorry. They are probably too embarrassed to do anything but quietly drop it and then skulk away. They do still claim the GPL is void or voidable, that it is unenforceable, and that the FSF selectively enforces it, so not all the silliness is gone. But they have tucked tail and begun to back down. They are getting their PhD in the GPL, and in time it will gradually dawn on them that they are wrong about all the rest too. Then they will completely throw in the towel, with a snarl, I have no doubt, and then we will have a party, an international celebration, which I will attend in a red dress. Humorously, SCO says the following allegations by IBM are "wholly irrelevant":
58. SCO submitted an Amended Complaint on July 22, 2003 and a Second Amended Complaint on February 27, 2004.
59. In its succession of complaints, SCO has asserted legal theories that are meritless , such as that SCO has ownership rights with respect to all of the code in AIX and Dynix . SCO has also sought relief to which it is plainly not entitled, such as a permanent injunction terminating IBM's ability to possess and use the software products it licensed from AT&T Technologies, Inc., notwithstanding the fact that those rights are expressly "irrevocable" and "perpetual".
60. SCO further persisted in maintaining for nearly a year the unsound claim that IBM had misappropriated its trade secrets. Yet when pressed to identify a single trade secret that IBM allegedly misappropriated, SCO could not, even after being ordered to do so by the Court. SCO finally (and properly) abandoned this claim, upon which SCO's entire lawsuit was initially premised, in its Second Amended Complaint.
73. At the December 5, 2003 hearing concerning discovery issues, SCO further represented to the Court that SCO would be filing a copyright infringement action against IBM "within the coming few days or no less than a week."
It says 100 to 105 of IBM's Second Amended Counterclaims are "legally irrelevant", and here you are, 100-105: 100. In light of SCO' s continuing refusal to provide detail regarding its claims IBM moved on October 1, 2003 to compel complete responses to IBM' s First Set of Interrogatories, and on November 6, 2003, to compel complete responses to IBM' s Second Set of Interrogatories. Even in the face of these motions, however, SCO continued to attempt to obfuscate its claims and hide its evidence.
101. IBM' s motions to compel were granted at a hearing on December 5, 2003.
102. Yet despite an Order directing SCO, among other things, to "identify and state with specificity the source code(s) that SCO is claiming form the basis of their action against IBM" by January 12 2004, SCO failed adequately to do so. In its supplemental responses purportedly submitted in compliance with the Order, SCO still failed to identify a single line of UNIX System V code that IBM allegedly misappropriated or misused.
103. In fact, finally realizing that it could no longer maintain the illusion that IBM had misappropriated its trade secrets, SCO dropped its trade secrets claim altogether. SCO continues, however, to press equally meritless contract and other claims against IBM, despite being unwilling to identify the UNIX System V code that IBM allegedly misused in violation of any agreement.
104. As a result of SCO's ongoing failure to be forthcoming regarding its claims against IBM, SCO was ordered on March 4, 2004 yet again to provide the specifics of its claims against IBM, this time by April 19, 2004.
105. In the meantime, by failing to disclose the particulars of its claims for more than a year, SCO has been able to cultivate and maintain in the marketplace fear uncertainty and doubt about its rights and the rights of others.
Thanks go to several volunteers, including Samuel Blomqvist, Alex Labram, inode-buddha, and Cecil Whitley for tackling this huge task. Alex says it was good typing practice. Some OCR'd, some typed, some coded. Thank you so much, everyone.
******************************************
Brent
O. Hatch (5715) Mark R.
Clements (7172)
HATCH,
JAMES & DODGE, P.C.
[address, phone, fax]
Stephen
N. Zack
Mark J.
Heise
BOIES,
SCHILLER & FLEXNER L.L.P.
[address, phone, fax]
Attorneys
for Plaintiff The SCO Group, INC.
-------------------------------------------
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF UTAH
-------------------------------------------
THE SCO GROUP, INC.,
a Delaware corporation,
Plaintiff,
vs.
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES
CORPORATION, a New York corporation,
Defendant.
-------------------------------------------
SCO'S ANSWER TO IBM'S SECOND
AMENDED COUNTERCLAIMS
Case No. 03-CV-0294
Hon: Dale A. Kimball
Magistrate Judge Brooke C. Wells
-------------------------------------------
Plaintiff and counterclaim-defendant
The SCO Group, Inc. ("SCO"), by and through counsel,
answers the second amended counterclaims of defendant and
counterclaim-plaintiff International Business Machines Corporation
("IBM") and further admits, denies and alleges as follows:
ANSWER
1. Admits that the UNIX operating
system was originally developed by Bell Laboratories, then a
development arm of AT&T Corp., but denies the remaining allegations
of ¶1.
2. Admits that it respects the
intellectual property rights of others, but denies the remaining
allegations of ¶2.
3. Admits the allegations of ¶3.
4. Admits the court has jurisdiction
over the claims, but denies that IBM has any valid claims and denies
the remaining allegations of ¶4 not specifically admitted
herein.
5. Admits the allegations of ¶5.
6. Admits the allegations of ¶6.
7. Admits the allegations of ¶7.
8. Admits that the earliest UNIX
operating system was built by software engineers at Bell
Laboratories, the research division of AT&T, but denies the
remaining allegations of ¶8 not admitted herein.
9. Admits the allegations of ¶9.
10. Admits that AT&T sold UNIX
assets, through its subsidiary USL, to Novell in 1993, admits that
Novell sold UNIX assets to The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc., now known
as Tarantella, Inc. ("Tarantella") in 1995, but denies that
Novell sold only part of its UNIX assets and further denies the
remaining allegations contained in ¶10 not specifically admitted
herein.
11. Denies the allegations of ¶11.
12. Admits that in 1985 IBM acquired
certain UNIX rights pursuant to license with AT&T, and admits
that IBM and AT&T entered agreements as referenced in ¶12,
but denies that IBM's UNIX-related rights are characterized as
"broad," denies that IBM has any remaining rights under the
referenced agreements and denies the remaining allegations of ¶12
not specifically admitted herein.
13. Admits that IBM developed a
version of UNIX pursuant to license originally with AT&T and
admits that IBM's version of UNIX is called AIX but denies that IBM
properly exercised its rights and is without information sufficient
to admit or deny the remaining allegations of ¶13, and therefore
denies the same.
14. Admits this Amendment X was
entered into in 1996 by and among IBM, Santa Cruz Operations and
Novell, but denies the remaining allegations of ¶14.
15. Admits that Sequent, like IBM,
acquired certain UNIX rights pursuant to its own license agreements
with AT&T, admits that Sequent and AT&T entered into
agreements with AT&T, admits that IBM acquired the stock of
Sequent, but denies that Sequent's UNIX-related rights are
characterized as "broad," denies that Sequent has any
remaining rights under the referenced agreements and denies the
remaining allegations of ¶15 not specifically admitted herein.
16. Admits that Sequent developed a
version of UNIX pursuant to license originally with AT&T and
admits that Sequent's version of UNIX is called Dynix but denies that
IBM properly exercised its rights and is without information
sufficient to admit or deny the remaining allegations of ¶16,
and therefore denies the same.
17. Denies the allegations of ¶17
and alleges that Linux is, in actuality, an unauthorized version of
UNIX that is structured, assembled and designed to be technologically
indistinguishable from UNIX, and practically is distinguishable
only in that Linux is a "free" version of UNIX designed to
destroy proprietary operating system software.
18. Admits that Linus Torvalds
assembled the original Linux kernel but is without information
sufficient to admit or deny the remaining allegations of ¶18 not
specifically admitted herein, and therefore denies the same.
19. Is without information sufficient
to admit or deny the allegations of ¶19, and therefore denies
the same.
20. Admits that many developers have
contributed software code to the Linux kernel, admits that IBM has
contributed code to the Linux kernel, admits that the first iteration
of Version 2.4 of the Linux kernel was released in 2001, but is
without information sufficient to admit or deny the remaining
allegations of ¶20 not specifically admitted herein, and
therefore denies the same.
21. Admits that Red Hat has
distributed one or more versions of Linux, which may include one or
more versions of the Linux kernel, and admits that other distributors
may have done so as well, including SCO, but denies the remaining
allegations of ¶21 not specifically admitted herein.
22. Admits the allegations of ¶22,
but alleges that Linux software contains other additional
characteristics not identified in ¶22, and further alleges that
¶22 does not provide a complete definition of Linux.
23. Admits that software license
agreements typically reflect legal limitations restricting the use
and reproduction of works, admits that Linux is available for free
download, admits that the license presently governing Linux (the
General Public License) generally is oriented to keep source code
publicly available, but denies the remaining allegations of ¶23
not specifically admitted herein.
24. Admits the allegations of ¶24,
but denies enforcability or applicability of the GPL.
25. Is without information sufficient
to admit or deny the allegations of ¶25, and therefore denies
the same.
26. Admits that the GPL purports to
guarantee the right to freely share and change free software, but
denies that the GPL applies to any program whose authors commit to
using it, denies enforceability or applicability of the GPL, and is
without information sufficient to admit or deny the remaining
allegations of ¶26 not specifically admitted herein, and
therefore denies the same.
27. Admits that the GPL allows a
licensee to distribute copies of free software, receive source code
and change and use the software in new free programs but is without
information sufficient to admit or deny the remaining allegations of
¶ 27 not specifically admitted herein and therefore denies the
same.
28. Admits that Linux is licensed
under the GPL and admits that Linux contains some notices placed by
some copyright holders, but denies enforceability or applicability of
the GPL and denies the remaining allegations of ¶28 not
specifically admitted herein.
29. Denies the allegations of ¶29.
30. Admits that there was an entity
known as Caldera, Inc. in 1994, admits that in 1998 Caldera, Inc.
sold certain of its assets to Caldera Systems, Inc., but denies the
remaining allegations in ¶30 not specifically admitted herein.
31. Admits that it has distributed
certain versions of the Linux operating system but denies the
remaining allegations of ¶31.
32. Admits that it previously
developed and marketed software based on certain versions of the
Linux operating system, and admits that it has provided certain
Linux-related services, but denies the remaining allegations of ¶32.
33. Admits that it previously
distributed or re-distributed SCO Linux server, SCO OpenLinux Server,
SCO OpenLinux Workstation and SCO Volution Manager, and admits that
SCO has suspended its Linux distribution, but denies the remaining
allegations contained in ¶33.
34. Denies the allegations of ¶34.
35. Admits that it previously
distributed certain versions of Linux, admits that it previously
provided Linux-related educational programs, admits that it joined
UnitedLinux, but denies the remaining allegations of ¶35 not
specifically admitted herein.
36. Admits the allegations of ¶36.
37. Admits that it previously
supported in some ways the open-source community prior to discovery
of violation of its intellectual property rights by IBM and others,
but denies the existence of any "scheme," and denies the
allegations of ¶37 not specifically admitted herein.
38. Admits that some of its products
were previously made available for licensing under the GPL, but
denies the remaining allegations of ¶38 not specifically
admitted herein.
39. Denies the allegations of ¶39.
40. Admits that it previously engaged
in certain Linux-related activities, but denies the remaining
allegations of ¶40 not specifically admitted herein.
41. Admits that it has contributed to
certain open-source development projects, but denies the remaining
allegations of ¶41 not specifically admitted herein.
42. Denies the allegations of ¶42.
43. Admits the allegations of ¶43,
but alleges that SCO was unaware of IBM's Linux-related investment
prior to its formal announcements thereof, and further alleges that
IBM secretly and improperly failed to disclose to SCO such
Linux-related investments and its intentions with respect to Linux
before and during Project Monterey.
44. Admits the allegations of ¶44.
45. Admits that IBM has contributed
source code to Linux projects under the GPL, but denies that such
contributions were proper or legal, and denies the remaining
allegations of ¶45 not specifically admitted herein.
46. Is without information sufficient
to admit or deny the allegations of ¶46 and therefore denies the
same.
47. Is without information sufficient
to admit or deny the allegations of ¶47 and therefore denies the
same.
48. Is without information sufficient
to admit or deny the allegations of ¶48 and therefore denies the
same.
49. Admits that it completed a public
offering, admits that SCO has never generated a profit related to
Linux, admits that SCO has not generated profit until recently, but
denies the remaining allegations of ¶49 not specifically
admitted herein and alleges that IBM's Linux-related revenue is from
its wrongful conduct in violation of SCO's legal and contractual
rights set forth in the Second Amended Complaint.
50. Admits that Caldera Systems, Inc.
was merged into Caldera International, Inc., admits that SCO acquired
rights to the UNIX operating system originally developed by Bell
Laboratories, but denies the remaining allegations of ¶50 not
specifically admitted herein.
51. Denies the allegations of ¶51.
52. Denies the allegations of ¶52.
53. Denies the allegations of ¶53.
54. Denies the allegations of ¶54.
55. Denies the allegations of ¶55.
56. Denies the allegations of ¶56.
57. Admits it alleges that IBM has,
among other actions, breached contractual obligations to SCO by,
among other things, incorporating and inducing others to incorporate
source code in the Linux kernel in violation of SCO's contractual and
intellectual property rights, but denies the remaining allegations of
¶57 not specifically admitted
herein.
58. Although this allegation is wholly
irrelevant, admits the allegations of ¶58.
59. Although this allegation is wholly
irrelevant, denies the allegations of ¶59.
60. Although this allegation is wholly
irrelevant, denies the allegations of ¶60.
61. Denies the allegations of ¶61.
62. Admits that it has made certain
public statements regarding IBM's rights to use AIX and Dynix, admits
that it claims the legal right and authority to revoke, and has
effectively revoked, IBM's right to use, license or distribute AIX
and that it has so stated in certain statements, admits that it
claims the legal right to revoke IBM's use, license or distribution
of Dynix and has so stated in certain statements, but denies the
remaining allegations of ¶62 not specifically admitted herein.
63. Admits that it has made certain
public statements regarding IBM's rights to use AIX and Dynix, admits
that it claims the legal right and authority to revoke, and has
effectively revoked, IBM's right to use, license or distribute AIX
and that it has so stated in certain statements, admits that it
claims the legal right to revoke IBM's use, license or distribution
of Dynix and has so stated in certain statements, but denies the
remaining allegations of ¶63 not specifically admitted herein.
64. Admits that it has made public
statements about offering licenses to provide customers a run time
binary license to operate Linux, but denies the remaining allegations
of ¶64 not specifically admitted herein.
65. Admits SCO has sold licenses and
has publicly stated as much, but denies the remaining allegations of
¶65.
66. Admits it claims that IBM has
contributed certain Dynix code to Linux in violation of its
contractual and legal obligations to SCO and that SCO has so stated,
admits it claims that IBM's violation of SCO's rights are giving rise
to damages as a result of IBM's improper profit from Linux and
improper continued use of AIX, and that SCO has so stated, but denies
the remaining allegations of ¶66 not specifically admitted
herein.
67. Denies the remaining allegations
of ¶67 not specifically admitted herein.
68. Denies the remaining allegations
of ¶68 not specifically admitted herein.
69. Admits having sent letters to the
1500 largest companies in the world and notes that the letters are
the best evidence of the contents thereof, denies that said letters
threatened litigation and denies the remaining allegations of ¶69
not specifically admitted herein.
70. Admits to discussing licensing and
notes that the transcript of that conference is the best evidence of
what was said, and denies the remaining allegations of ¶70 not
specifically admitted herein.
71. Admits to a teleconference on that
day, the complete transcript of which is the best evidence of what
was actually said and in context, but denies the remaining
allegations of ¶71 not specifically admitted herein.
72. Denies the allegations of ¶72.
73. Although wholly irrelevant, admits
that the entire transcript of that hearing is the best evidence of
what was said, including the comments ascribed to counsel, and denies
the remaining allegations of ¶73 not specifically admitted
herein.
74. Denies the allegations of ¶74.
75. Admits a press release and letter
were sent, which themselves are the best evidence of their contents,
and denies the remaining allegations of ¶75 not specifically
admitted herein.
76. Admits various comments were made at Harvard Law School, the complete transcript of which is the best evidence what was actually said and in context, but denies the remaining allegations of ¶76 not specifically admitted herein. 77. Admits that SCO has filed a
copyright infringement claim and notes that text of the complaint is
the best evidence of that claim and denies the remaining allegations
of ¶77 not specifically admitted herein.
78. Admits that SCO has filed a
copyright infringement claim and notes that text of the complaint is
the best evidence of that claim and denies the remaining allegations
of ¶78 not specifically admitted herein. 79. Admits that SCO has filed a
copyright infringement lawsuit and notes that text of the complaint
is the best evidence of that claim and denies the remaining
allegations of ¶79 not specifically admitted herein.
80. Admits that SCO has filed a
copyright infringement lawsuit and notes that text of the complaint
is the best evidence of that claim and denies the remaining
allegations of ¶80 not specifically admitted herein.
81. Admits that SCO has filed a
copyright infringement lawsuit and notes that text of the complaint
is the best evidence of that claim and denies the remaining
allegations of ¶81 not specifically admitted herein.
82. Denies the allegations of ¶82.
83. Admits the existence of the letter
of June 9, 2003, but denies any legal or factual basis for the letter
and denies the remaining allegations of ¶83 not specifically
admitted herein.
84. Admits the existence of the letter
of June 12, 2003 but denies any right in Novell to waive or revoke
SCO's rights and denies any legal or factual basis for the letter and
denies the remaining allegations of ¶84 not specifically
admitted to herein.
85. Denies the allegations of ¶85.
86. Admits it has revoked IBM's right
to further use, license or distribute AIX, pursuant to the express
terms of the Software Agreement and related documents, and that it
has so stated, but denies the remaining allegations of ¶86 not
specifically admitted herein.
87. Denies the allegations of ¶87.
88. Admits the existence of the letter
of October 7, 2003, but denies any legal or factual basis for it and
denies the remaining allegations of ¶88 not specifically
admitted herein.
89. Admits the existence of the letter
of October 7, 2003, but denies any legal or factual basis for it and
denies the remaining allegations of ¶89 not specifically
admitted herein.
90. Admits the existence of the letter
but denies Novell's right to waive IBM's breaches of agreements and
denies the remaining allegations of ¶90 not specifically
admitted herein.
91. Admits the existence of the letter
of October 10, 2003 but denies any legal or factual basis for the
letter and denies the remaining allegations of ¶91 not
specifically admitted herein.
92. Admits the existence of the letter
of February 6, 2004, but denies any legal or factual basis for the
letter and denies the remaining allegations of ¶92 not
specifically admitted herein.
93. Admits the existence of the
letter, but denies any legal or factual basis for the letter and
denies the remaining allegations of ¶93 not specifically
admitted herein.
94. Admits to the existence of the
letter of February 11, 2004 but denies any legal or factual basis for
the letter and denies the remaining allegations of ¶94 not
specifically admitted herein.
95. Denies the allegations of ¶95.
96. Admits Novell has falsely publicly
claimed that it owns copyrights for UNIX but denies those false
claims and the remaining allegations of ¶96 not specifically
admitted herein.
97. Admits that IBM sent letters dated
April 2, 2003 and May 5, 2003 but denies the remaining allegations of
¶97 not specifically admitted herein.
98. Denies the allegations of ¶98.
99. Denies the allegations of ¶99.
100. Although legally irrelevant, SCO
admits IBM filed motions to compel but denies the remaining
allegations of ¶100 not specifically admitted herein.
101. Although legally irrelevant,
admits that IBM motions to compel were granted in part.
102. Although legally irrelevant,
admits the contents of the Court Order includes some of the excerpted
language but denies all remaining allegations of ¶102.
103. Although legally irrelevant,
denies the allegations of ¶103.
104. Although legally irrelevant,
denies the allegations of ¶104.
105. Although legally irrelevant,
denies the allegations of ¶105.
106. Denies the allegation of ¶106.
107. Denies the allegation of ¶107.
108. Admits that IBM has made
contributions of source code to Linux 2.4 and 2.5 kernels under the
GPL, but denies the applicability or enforceability of the GPL and
denies the remaining allegations of ¶108 not specifically
admitted herein.
109. Admits that IBM and others have
breached SCO's intellectual property rights, but denies the remaining
allegations of ¶109.
110. Denies the allegations of ¶110
and denies the enforceability or applicability of the GPL.
111. Denies the allegations of ¶111.
112. Admits that SCO licenses and
distributes UnixWare, "OpenServer," "SCO Manager,"
and "Reliant HA," but denies infringement and denies the
remaining allegations of ¶112.
113. Repeats and realleges ¶¶1
through 112, above.
114. Admits that IBM continues to be
obligated to SCO by confidentiality requirements and other provisions
in the AT&T Agreements and Amendment X that, by their terms,
specifically continue beyond termination, but alleges that IBM's
right to use, license and distribute under the said agreements has
been lawfully and properly terminated, and therefore denies that IBM
has any right under the said agreements and denies the remaining
allegations of ¶114 not specifically admitted herein.
115. Denies the allegations of ¶115.
116. Denies the allegations of ¶116.
117. Denies the allegations of ¶117.
118. Denies the allegations of ¶118.
119. Repeats and realleges ¶¶1-118,
above.
120. Admits that IBM sells
Linux-related services in interstate commerce, but denies that IBM
has or had authority to sell, license or distribute AIX in interstate
commerce from and after June 16, 2003, and denies that IBM has or had
authority to license, sell or distribute Dynix in interstate commerce
from and after September 2, 2003, alleges that IBM's rights in AIX
and Dynix have been lawfully and properly terminated, and denies the
remaining the allegations of ¶120 not specifically admitted
herein.
121. Denies the allegations of ¶121.
122. Denies the allegations of ¶122.
123. Denies the allegations of ¶123.
124. Denies the allegations of ¶124. 125. Repeats and realleges ¶¶1-124,
above.
126. Admits that IBM has expended a
substantial investment of time, effort and money in development of
AIX pursuant to the terms of its license with SCO and SCO's
predecessors in interest, admits that AIX has become one of the
world's leading UNIX operating systems, admits that IBM's products
and services are sold and used throughout the United States, admits
that IBM acquired Sequent and thereby acquired Sequent's interest in
Dynix, subject to the terms and conditions of Sequent's agreements
with SCO and/or its predecessors, but denies the remaining
allegations of ¶126 not specifically admitted herein.
127. Denies the allegations of ¶127.
128. Denies the allegations of ¶128.
129. Denies the allegations of ¶129.
130. Repeats and realleges ¶¶1-129,
above.
131. Admits the allegations of ¶131.
132. Admits it is generally aware that
IBM has or may have certain prospective business relationships that
IBM deems important, but denies the remaining allegations of ¶132
not specifically admitted herein.
133. Denies the allegations of ¶133.
134. Denies the allegations of ¶134.
135. Denies the allegations of ¶135.
136. Repeats and realleges ¶¶1-135,
above
137. Denies the allegations of ¶137.
138. Denies the allegations of ¶138.
139. Denies the allegations of ¶139.
140. Denies the allegations of ¶140.
141. Denies the allegations of ¶141.
142. Repeats and realleges ¶¶1-141,
above.
143. Admits that IBM has made
contributions of source code to Linux under the GPL, but denies the
applicability or enforceability of the GPL and denies the remaining
allegations of ¶143 not specifically admitted herein.
144. Denies the allegations of ¶144.
145. Denies the allegations of ¶145.
146. Denies the allegations of ¶146.
147. Denies the allegations of ¶147.
148. Repeats and realleges ¶¶1-147,
above.
149. Denies the allegations of ¶149.
150. Denies the allegations of ¶150.
151. Denies the allegations of ¶151.
152. Denies the allegations of ¶152.
153. Denies the allegations of ¶153.
154. Repeats and realleges ¶¶1-153,
above.
155. Admits that IBM has made
contributions of source code to Linux under the GPL, but denies the
applicability or enforceability of the GPL, alleges that part of said
contributions by IBM violate SCO's contract and intellectual property
rights, and denies the remaining allegations of ¶155 not
specifically admitted herein.
156. Is without information sufficient
to admit or deny the allegations of ¶ 156, and therefore denies
the same.
157. Admits that IBM has placed
copyright norices on certain of its AIX and Dynix contributions to
UNIX, but denies it has the legal authority to do so, denies the
applicability or enforceability of the GPL, and denies the remaining
allegations of ¶157 not specifically admitted herein.
158. Denies the allegations of ¶158.
159. Denies the allegations of ¶159.
160. Denies the allegations of ¶160.
161. Denies the allegations of ¶161.
162. Repeats and realleges ¶¶1-161,
above.
163, Admits SCO has the copyrights
listed in ¶ 162.
164. Admits SCO has sued IBM for
copyright infringement and notes that the text of that claim is the
best evidence of all of the allegations made against IBM.
165. Is without information sufficient
to admit or deny the allegations of 165, and therefore denies the
same.
166. Denies the allegations of ¶166.
167. Denies the allegations of ¶167.
168. Repeats and realleges ¶¶1-167,
above
169. These allegations are the subject
of a motion to dismiss or stay and therefore no response is
necessary.
170. These allegations are the subject
of a motion to dismiss or stay and therefore no response is
necessary.
171. These allegations are the subject
of a motion to dismiss or stay and therefore no response is
necessary.
172. These allegations are the subject
of a motion to dismiss or stay and therefore no response is
necessary.
173. These allegations are the subject
of a motion to dismiss or stay and therefore no response is
necessary.
174. Repeats and realleges ¶¶1
through 173, above.
175. Is without information sufficient
to admit or deny the allegations of ¶ 175, and therefore denies
the same.
176. Denies the allegations of ¶176.
177. Denies the allegations of ¶177.
178. Denies the allegations of ¶178.
179. Denies the allegations of ¶179.
180. Repeats and realleges ¶¶1-179,
above.
181. Is without information sufficient
to admit or deny the allegations of ¶181, and therefore denies
the same.
182. Denies the allegations of ¶182.
183. Denies the allegations of ¶183.
184. Denies the allegations of ¶184.
185. Denies the allegations of ¶185.
186. Repeats and realleges ¶¶1-185,
above.
187. Is without information sufficient
to admit or deny the allegations of ¶187, and therefore denies
the same.
188. Denies the allegations of ¶188.
189. Denies the allegations of ¶189.
190. Denies the allegations of ¶190.
191. Denies the allegations of ¶191.
192. Repeats and realleges ¶¶1-191,
above.
193. Denies the allegations of ¶193.
194. Denies the allegations of ¶194.
195. Denies the allegations of ¶195.
196. Denies the allegations of ¶196.
197. Denies the allegations of ¶197. FIRST
AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
IBM fails to state a ground upon
which relief may be granted. SECOND
AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
IBM's claims are barred by the
doctrines of waiver, estoppel, acquiescence, and/or laches. THIRD
AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
IBM's contractual right to license,
distribute or use AIX or Dynix has been properly and validly
terminated, and any claim based thereon is barred. FOURTH
AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
IBM's claims are barred by license. FIFTH
AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE IBM's claims are barred by illegality, collusion, conspiracy and/or lack of clean hands.
SIXTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
The General Public License ("GPL")
is unenforceable, void and/or voidable, and IBM's claims based
thereon, or related thereto, are barred. SEVENTH
AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
The GPL is selectively enforced by
the Free Software Foundation such that enforcement of the GPL by IBM
or others is waived, estopped or otherwise barred as a matter of
equity.
EIGHTH
AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
IBM's claims are barred, in whole or
in part, by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, by the
doctrine of judicial immunity and by privilege. NINTH
AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
IBM's claims are barred or preempted,
in whole or in part, by the laws of the United States. TENTH
AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
IBM's own conduct, including that of
its agents, contractors and partners, and/or conduct of third parties
constitute superseding or intervening causes with respect to IBM's
claims of damage or injury. ELEVENTH
AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
SCO has acted legally and properly at
all relevant times and IBM is therefore barred from any relief
whatsoever. TWELTH
AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
The patents at issue, and
particularly the claims of those patents alleged to be infringed, are
invalid and of no effect for failure to comply with one or more
requirements set forth in Title 35 or the United States Code,
including, but not limited to Sections 101, 102, 103, 112, 116 and/or
256.
FOURTEENTH
AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
On information and belief, IBM's
claims under the patents at issue are precluded by the doctrine of
prosecution history estoppel based on the admissions and
representations made by IBM in proceedings before the United States
Patent and Trademark Office during the prosecution of the
applications of the patents at issue. FIFTEENTH
AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
On information and belief, U.S.
Patent 4,814,746 ("the '746 patent") is unenforceable by
reason of IBM's inequitable conduct, acts or omissions before the
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office ("PTO"). The '746 patent,
in the section entitled "Background of the Invention,"
cites one article directed to LZ78 data compression and indicates
that it is representative of the prior art. U.S. Patent No.
4,814,746, column 1, lines 13-27. That statement is material, false
and misleading and was known by IBM to be material, false and
misleading. In fact, the single article cited in the '746 patent is
not representative of the prior art. There are numerous other
techniques such as LZ77, described in an article entitled "A
Universal Algorithm For Sequential Data Compression," IEEE
Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. IT-23, No. 3, May 1877,
pp. 337-343. Other types of prior art data compression methods
include run length encoding, arithmetic encoding and Huffman
encoding. The falsity of IBM's statement is also reflected by the
fact that in the period from December 9, 1975 to March 1, 1983, IBM
itself obtained the issuance of at least 31 patents directed to data
compression.
On September 22, 1988, during
prosecution of the continuation patent application which led to
issuance of the '746 patent, IBM filed an Information Disclosure
Statement ("IDS") with the PTO. That IDS discloses European
Patent Office ("EPO") parent publication 129439. The
inventor of that patent publication was Terry Welch. The patent
publication was published on December 27, 1984. Inexplicably, while
IBM mentioned the United States counterpart of the EPO publication,
it does not cite that counterpart in the citation of prior art. Thus,
the face of the '746 patent does not contain any reference to the
U.S. counterpart. That Counterpart was U.S. Patent No. 4,558,302.
That patent contains claims which overlap with the '746 patent. The
Welch U.S. Patent No. 4,558,302 was filed 19 days after the '746
patent was filed in the PTO. The closeness of these dates implicates
35 U.S.C. § 102(g) and raises a
serious question as to who was the first inventor of the claimed
subject matter and who is entitled to the patent. The failure to cite
the U.S. counterpart, the fact that IBM waited almost three years
after the U.S. counterpart issued as a patent to even inform the PTO
of the EPO publication, and the additional fact that IBM waited until
after the claims of the '746 patent were allowed to file an IDS,
were intended to deter the Patent Examiner from comparing the claims
of the U.S. counterpart to the allowed claims of the '746 patent.
These actions were material to the examination of the '746 patent.
IBM's IDS states that the U.S.
counterpart patent "apparently is an improvement on the teaching
of [another referee] and offers nothing more that would affect the
patentability of the allowed claims in this case.["] These statements
were material, false and misleading and were known by IBM to be
material, false and misleading. These statements and the fact that
IBM cited the EPO publication and not the U.S. patent counterpart had
the effects of not only mischaracterizing the disclosure of the Welch
patent application, but also of concealing from the PTO the overlap
between the claimed subject matter of the '746 patent and the
counterpart U.S. patent.
IBM withheld additional prior art
from the PTO. In February, 1981, IBM published an article entitled
"Message Compression Method." The article wa published as
an IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Volume 23, No. 9, pages
4197-98. That publication was material to the patentability of the
'746 patent. IBM withheld this prior art with intent to deceive the
PTO.
On information and belief, IBM was
aware prior to the issuance of the '746 patent, of U.S. Patent No.
4,366,551, issued December 28, 1982, to Klaus E. Holtz. This patent
is material to the patentability of the claims of the '746 patent. On
information and belief, IBM's intentional failure to disclose this
prior art to the PTO was part of IBM's scheme to withhold material
prior art.
On information and belief, U.S.
Patent 5,805,785 ("the '785 patent") is unenforceable by
reason of IBM's inequitable conduct, acts or omissions before the
PTO. The '785 patent, entitled "Method for Monitoring and
Recovery of Subsystems in a Distributed/Clustered System," was
filed on February 27, 1996, listing as joint inventors Daniel Manuel
Dias, Richard Pervin King, and Avraham Leff. Applicants also filed an
IDS on this date. The IDS listed 12 references that are all U.S.
patenrs. No other references, including technical papers authored by
one or more of the joint inventors were listed. A review of papers
authored by the three inventors reveals several that are material to
patentability. In particular, Avraham Leff's Ph.D dissertation,
entitled "A Dynamic and Decentralized Approach to Management of
CPU and Memory," published at Columbia University in 1992, is
material to the patentability of the '785 patent application. The
dissertation describes a system of resource management that does not
require a centralized coordinaton. Sites cooperate in transmitting
important state information to each other. Decisions made at one site
are then factored by other sites into subsequent decisions. Because
this dissertation was material to the patentability of the '785
patent application, the dissertation should have been disclosed to
the PTO during prosecution of the '785 patent application. IBM
withheld this reference with the intent to deceive the PTO.
Inventor Daniel M. Dias appears as a
joint author on three papers that relate directly to the subject
matter claimed in the '785 patent. These three papers appear to have
been published at about the same time as the '785 patent filing date
of February 27, 1996. All three papers list joint authors, none of
whom, other than Mr. Dias, appears as an inventor on the '785 patent.
"A Scalable and Highty Available Web Server," published in
Proceedings of COMPCON '96, lists as authors, in addition to
Mr. Dias, William Kish, Rajat Mukherjee, and Renu Tewari. "High
Availability in Clustered Multimedia Servers," published in
Proceedings - International Conference on Data Engineering 1996,
lists as authors, in addition to Mr. Dias, Renu Tewari, Rajat
Mukharjee, and Harrick Vin. "Design and Performance Tradeoffs in
Clustered Video Servers," published in Proceedings -
International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems 1996,
lists as authors, in addition to Mr. Dias, Renu Tewari, Rajat
Mukharjee, and Harrick Vin. All three of these papers describe
concepts that can be found in the '785 patent claims, and thus
Messrs. Kish, Mukharjee, Tewari, and Vin should have been listed as
inventors on the '785 patent. IBM's decision not to list Messrs.
Kish, Mukharjee, Tewari, and Vin as inventors on the '785 patent was
with the intent to deceive the PTO.
U.S. Patent 5,129,080 ("the '080
patent"), entitled "Method and System Increasing the
Operational Availability of a System of Computer Programs Operating
in a Distributed System of Computers," filed October 17, 1990,
issued July 7, 1992, and assigned to IBM, is material to
patentability of the '785 patent, and should have been disclosed by
IBM to the PTO. In particular, the '080 patent discloses high
availability architectures, cooperative processing among nodes of a
computer network, and fault recovery techniques. The '080 patent also
discloses sharing of state information among the computer network
nodes and global and local management. Because the '080 patent is
material to patentability of the '785 patent application, the '080
patent should have been disclosed to the PTO during prosecution of
the '785 patent application. IBM withheld this reference with the
intent to deceive the PTO.
On information and belief, U.S.
Patent 4,953,209 ("the '209 patent") is unenforceable by
reason of IBM's inequitable conduct, acts or omissions before the
PTO. The '209 patent, entitled "Self-verifying Receipt and
Acceptance System for Electronically Delivered Data Objects,"
was filed on October 31, 1988. The '209 patent, in the section
entitled "Background of the Invention," describes only two
prior art references: U.S. Patent No. 4,757,533 to Allen et al. and
U.S. Patent No. 4,757,534 ("the '534 patent") to Stephen M
Matyas et al.
The '534 patent is assigned to IBM.
Stephen M. Matyas, co-inventor of the '534 patent, is listed as the
author of more than 100 IBM publications related to cryptography or
data encryption. Mr Matyas is also listed as an inventor on more than
70 issued patents in this field. Mr. Matyas is well known in the
field of cryptography and data encryption at IBM. When the '209
patent application was filed, IBM knew that some of Mr. Matyas'
activities were material to th patentability of the '209 patent.
However, as noted above, only the '534 patent was listed. IBM failed
to cite other material prior art references associated with Mr.
Matyas, including, for example, U.S. Patent 4,203,166 ("the '166
patent") in which Mr. Matyas is listed as an inventor. The '166
patent, entitled "Cryptographic File Security for Multiple
Domain Networks," filed December 5, 1977, issued May 13, 1980,
and assigned to IBM, is material to patentability of the '209 patent,
and should have been disclosed by IBM to the PTO.
The '166 patent discloses a file
security system for data files created at a first host system in one
domain and recovered at a second host system in another domain of a
multiple domain network. Specifically, the '166 patent discloses, a
first host system that provides a file recovery key for subsequent
recovery of a data file at a second host system. The first host system
enciphers (modifies) the first host system plaintext to obtain first
host system ciphertext as the data file. The file recovery key is
used as header information for the data file. When the data file is
to be recovered at the second host system, the file recovery key is
provided at the second host system and the second host system
transforms the file recovery key into a form, which is usable to
decipher the data file. The second host uses the transformed file
recovery key to perform a cryptographic operation to obtain the first
host system ciphertext in clear form (unmodified) at the second host
system. Thus, the '166 patent is material to the patentability to the
claims of the '209 patent. Because the '166 patent is material to the
patentability of the '209 patent, the '166 patent should have been
disclosed to the PTO during prosecution of the '209 patent. IBM
withheld this reference with the intention to deceive the PTO.
IBM also failed to cite U.S. Patent
4,238,854 ("the '854 patent") in which Mr. Matyas is again
listed as an inventor. The '854 patent, entitled "Cryptographic
File Security for Single Domain Networks," filed December 5,
1977, issued December 9, 1980, and assigned to IBM, is material to
patentability of the '209 patent, and should have been disclosed by
IBM to the PTO. The '854 patent was filed concurently with the '166
patent described above.
The '854 patent discloses that an
operational key enciphered under the file key of the designated
storage madia, as header information, together with the host data
enciphered under the operational key is written on the storage media
as an enciphered data file. When the data file is recovered, the host
data security device transforms the enciphered operational key header
information under control of a host master key into a form which
permits the operational key to be used for deciphering the enciphered
data file to obtain the file data in clear form. Thus, the '854
patent is material to the patentability to the claims of the '209
patent. Because the '854 patent is material to the patentability of
the '209 patent, the '854 patent should have been disclosed to the
PTO during prosecution of the '209 patent. IBM withheld this
reference with the intention to deceive the PTO.
Matyas is also one of the authors of
an article entitled "Cryptographic Key Authentication in
Communication Systems" published by IBM in March, 1978. The
article was published in IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin,
March 1978, pages 3990-92. This publication discloses that message
communication protection is obtained by enciphering a clear data
message X at a host under control of a working key KS to yield a
ciphered data message Y. At the receiving terminal, the enciphered
data message Y is deciphered under control of the working key KS to
yield the clear data message X.
Another article in which Matyas is an
author is entitled "Terminal Control of Encipher and Decipher
Operations" published by IBM in August, 1981. The article was
published in IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, August, 1981,
pages 1334-1339. This publication discloses that in communication
security applications where data is to be transmitted in a
cryptographic session, between a host unit and a remote terminal
controller unit, a data encrypting session key (KS) is required to be
established in a form suitable for use at each unit. Data may then be
enciphered under KS at one unit and transmitted to the other unit
where it is deciphered under KS.
Thus, the above publications,
published as IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletins, are material to the
patentability to the claims of the '209 patent. Because there
publications are material to the patentability of the '209 patent,
these articles should have been disclosed to the PTO during
prosecution of the '209 patent. IBM withheld these references to
deceive the PTO.
The foregoing actions constitute
inequitable conduct and render the claims of the '746, '785 and '209
patents unenforceable. Discovery in this proceeding is ongoing, and
additional acts of inequitable conduct will be added to this defense
at the appropriate time.
SIXTEENTH
AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
SCO has not infringed, literally or
under the doctrine of equivalents, any valid or enforceable claim of
the '746, '209 and '785 Patents.
SEVENTEENTH
AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
On information and belief, IBM failed
to mark patent articles covered by the '746, 209 and '785 Patents at
issue in the counterclaims. Any claim for damages is therefore
limited by 35 U.S.C. §287. EIGHTEENTH
AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
On information and belief, IBM failed
to provide SCO with actual notice of IBM's allegations of
infringement of the patents at issue, and therefore IBM cannot
recover any damages for SCO's actions before the filing of IBM's
counterclaims. NINETEENTH
AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
IBM has not and cannot plead and meet the requirements for an award of enhanced damages or attorneys' fees. TWENTIETH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE SCO has an express or implied license
to practice some or all of the claims embodied in the patents at
issue.
TWENTY
FIRST AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
Upon information and belief, IBM
lacks standing to assert that SCO infringed some or all of the
patents at issue.
TWENTY
SECOND AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE SCO states that IBM's request for
treble damages and attorneys fees is barred because SCO acted in good
faith, and this is not an exceptional case within the meaning of the
Patent Code. WHEREFORE, having fully
answered IBM's second amended counterclaims, SCO prays for dismissal
with prejudice of all claims, or in the alternative judgment in its
favor thereunder, together with attorneys' fees and costs, and
together with all other legal and equitable relief deemed just and
proper by this Court.
JURY
DEMAND
SCO demands trial by jury on all
issues raised in IBM's amended counterclaims that are so triable. DATED THIS 23rd day of April, 2004.
By: ______[Signature]______
HATCH, JAMES & DODGE, P.C.
Brent O. Hatch
Mark R. Clements
BOIES, SCHILLER & FLEXNER, L.L.P.
Stephen N. Zack
Mark J. Heise
Counsel for Plaintiff/Counterclaim
Defendant
------------------------------------------------------
CERTIFICATE
OF SERVICE
Plaintiff, The SCO Group, Inc. hereby
certifies that a true and correct copy of SCO'S ANSWER TO IBM'S
SECOND AMENDED COUNTERCLAIMS was served on Defendant
International Business Machines Corporation on this 23rd day of April
2004, by U.S. Mail, first class, postage prepaid, on their counsel of
record as indicated below:
Alan L. Sullivan, Esp.
Todd M. Shaughnessy, Esq.
Snell & Wilmer L.L.P.
[address]
Evan R. Chester, Esp.
David R. Marriott, Esq.
Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP
[address]
Donald J. Rosenbery, Esq.
[address]
_______[Signature]_______
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