decoration decoration
Stories

GROKLAW
When you want to know more...
decoration
For layout only
Home
Archives
Site Map
Search
About Groklaw
Awards
Legal Research
Timelines
ApplevSamsung
ApplevSamsung p.2
ArchiveExplorer
Autozone
Bilski
Cases
Cast: Lawyers
Comes v. MS
Contracts/Documents
Courts
DRM
Gordon v MS
GPL
Grokdoc
HTML How To
IPI v RH
IV v. Google
Legal Docs
Lodsys
MS Litigations
MSvB&N
News Picks
Novell v. MS
Novell-MS Deal
ODF/OOXML
OOXML Appeals
OraclevGoogle
Patents
ProjectMonterey
Psystar
Quote Database
Red Hat v SCO
Salus Book
SCEA v Hotz
SCO Appeals
SCO Bankruptcy
SCO Financials
SCO Overview
SCO v IBM
SCO v Novell
SCO:Soup2Nuts
SCOsource
Sean Daly
Software Patents
Switch to Linux
Transcripts
Unix Books

Gear

Groklaw Gear

Click here to send an email to the editor of this weblog.


You won't find me on Facebook


Donate

Donate Paypal


No Legal Advice

The information on Groklaw is not intended to constitute legal advice. While Mark is a lawyer and he has asked other lawyers and law students to contribute articles, all of these articles are offered to help educate, not to provide specific legal advice. They are not your lawyers.

Here's Groklaw's comments policy.


What's New

STORIES
No new stories

COMMENTS last 48 hrs
No new comments


Sponsors

Hosting:
hosted by ibiblio

On servers donated to ibiblio by AMD.

Webmaster
IBM'S REPLY MEMO IN FURTHER SUPPORT OF CROSS-MOTION FOR PSJ ON CLAIM FOR DJ OF NON-INFRINGEMENT - as text
Monday, August 30 2004 @ 02:12 PM EDT

Here is IBM'S REDACTED REPLY MEMORANDUM IN FURTHER SUPPORT OF ITS CROSS-MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON ITS CLAIM FOR DECLARATORY JUDGMENT OF NON-INFRINGEMENT as text, for which we need to thank tgf. This was a lot of work.

IBM here explains all the reasons why its motion should succeed and why SCO should be sanctioned for failing to disclose information in discovery. "SCO has not only wasted IBM's time and resources over the past year of discovery, by requiring IBM to seek to compel SCO to provide necessary information that SCO apparently was only willing to come forward with in the face of a summary judgment motion, but SCO has also perpetuated fear, uncertainty and doubt about the lawfulness of IBM's activities."

IBM mocks SCO's "surprise" that copyright infringement should be an issue, now claiming, for purposes of this motion anyway, it hasn't raised that issue and is relying instead on contract claims.

IBM then lists numerous times SCO has mentioned copyright infringement. If I might add to their list the following additional instances:

  • "'What we found was that the infringements went way beyond just IBM's involvement and that other parties had contributed things improperly... in going through the process, we counted over a million lines of code that we allege are infringed in the Linux kernel today out of a total code base of five million,' added McBride.

    "Nevertheless, IBM was the source of most of that allegedly tainted code, said McBride: 'The vast majority of that did, in fact, come from IBM and when we say IBM, the majority of that actually came from IBM's acquisition of Sequent.'"-- Darl McBride, Infoconomy, 2003-09-11

  • "We are staring down the barrel of hundreds of thousands of lines of code that enabled Linux to go from a mom-and-pop operating system to a big-time, enterprise-class OS at Fortune 100 companies. It's really interesting to see what happens when people see the code, when they see how blatant the copying is."-- Darl McBride, Wired, 2003-09-11

  • "78. However, as is widely reported and as IBM executives knew, or should have known, a significant flaw of Linux is the inability and/or unwillingness of the Linux process manager, Linus Torvalds, to identify the intellectual property origins of contributed source code that comes in from those many different software developers. If source code is code copied from protected UNIX code, there is no way for Linus Torvalds to identify that fact.

    "79. As a result, a very significant amount of UNIX protected code and materials are currently found in Linux 2.4.x, Linux 2.5.x and Linux 2.6.x releases in violation of SCO’s contractual rights and copyrights." -- SCO's Second Amended Complaint

  • "But the unlicensed use of its Unix shared libraries was just the 'tip of the iceberg as there are so much IP we're dealing with here, ranging from copyright, trade secrets, patents, source code and licensing issues. Because this range of IP-related issues is so broad-based and there is such a wide-range of players involved, we're just making sure we move forward very sure-footedly. We don't want to start running before we can walk. We're trying to take things in the right order,' McBride said."-- Darl McBride, eWeek, 2003-02-26

  • "'Today is really the formalization of our going down the path of broadening our case to go beyond just contracts to include copyrights," McBride said. He added, 'Today's announcement really is a new front that we're opening up.'"-- Darl McBride, InternetNews, 2003-07-21

  • "'Today's announcement is really a new front that we're opening up' with existing enterprise Linux customers, McBride said. 'It gets you clean, it gets you square with Linux without having to go into the courtroom.'"-- Darl McBride, ComputerWorld, 2003-07-21

  • "'We agree on the point that this case started out as a contracts case against IBM. As of today, it's a different game,' McBride said today in a conference call with reporters and analysts.

    "'SCO's Unix IP has been misappropriated into Linux,' he said. 'SCO is giving customers [of any Linux distribution] the opportunity to run Linux legally. . . . 'But let's go back to the basis of our claims which is there is a huge amount of code inside of the Linux kernel today that is improperly there that has come from system vendors that we have contracts with. That... what that does is it creates copyright violations inside of there, some of it coming straight from our source tree. So yes there are direct line-by-line codes.'"-- Darl McBride, ZDNet, 2003-07-21[no longer available for free]

  • "'We agree on the point that this case started out as a contracts case against IBM. As of today, it's a different game,' McBride said. 

    "'SCO's Unix IP has been misappropriated into Linux,' he said. 'SCO is giving customers [of any Linux distribution] the opportunity to run Linux legally.'

      "Back in May, SCO warned all commercial Linux users that they could be using its code illegally and recommended that they seek legal advice to help decide what to do about the issue. The specially tailored SCO UnixWare 7.1.3 licences will support runtime, binary use of Linux for all commercial users of Linux based on kernel version 2.4.x and later.

    "Buying a licence would allow users to comply with SCO's copyrights, the company said, adding that if enterprise Linux users do so, SCO would not pursue legal challenges against them related to the code." -- ComputerWorld, 2003-07-21

  • "McBride claimed SCO has found three distinct areas of infringement:

    "Direct line-by-line code taken from SCO's Unix System V, which he noted made its way into Linux from various vendors, 'primarily other than IBM'

    "Direct line-by-line code taken from derivations of Unix System V code, like IBM's AIX; McBride noted that its contracts with Unix vendors prevent those companies from donating any code based on or derived from the Unix System V kernel

    "Non-literal infringement which stems from code which borrows from the concepts and structure of Unix."-- Darl McBride, InternetNews, 2003-07-21

  • "The part with Linus that I would agree with him on is that it started out as a contracts case about IBM - and Linus and I have shared emails along the way and I've guess we've chosen to agree to disagree. The point that we fully disagree on at this point is whether it is an intellectual property problem or not. Although it started off as a contracts problem, as we've gone in and done our full analysis of the code base, it is very clear that we have a copyright problem with the code that's in Linux today. Now one thing that is late-breaking and fresh news for you and all the listeners out there is that last week, middle of the week, we did receive our registered copyrights back on the Unix code base. And the copyright registrations are interesting because they do in fact give you the ability to go seek injunctive and damages relief from end users."-- Darl McBride, ZDNet, 2003-07-21[no longer available.]

  • "The business model of Linux distribution is broken; it's like the business model of the dotcoms. Running your company on Linux is like running your company on Napster."-- Darl McBride, Connect-Utah.com, 2003-08-28

  • "'We said we wanted to give customers a chance to step up and work with us,' McBride said Friday. 'We're getting good feedback and a pipeline that's healthy.' However, the company hasn't ruled out proactively invoicing Linux users in the future if its licensing program stalls."-- Darl McBride, InformationWeek, 2003-10-17

  • "'We're going to force people down a path,' McBride says. 'They can choose licensing or litigation. If someone says they want to see a court ruling before they pay, we'll say, Fine, you're the lucky winner. We'll take you first. I'd be surprised if we make it to the end of the year without filing a lawsuit.'"-- Darl McBride, Forbes, 2003-11-24

  • "Our goal is not to blow up Linux. People ask why we don't go after the distributors...'If you have such a strong case, why not shut down Red Hat?' Our belief is that SCO has great opportunity in the future to let Linux keep going, not to put it on its back but for us to get a transaction fee every time it's sold. That's really our goal.

    "To the extent that we have to take it down and put it on its back, we're fully prepared and willing to do that. . .. The breadth of damage that's been done here, it's like cleaning up the Exxon Valdez... the code violation that is going on inside of Linux between derivative work, copyrighted work, it's not unsubstantial."-- Darl McBride, CRN, 2003-11-18

  • "'This started off as a contract dispute with IBM, then we discovered [alleged SCO-owned Unix code] within Linux,' McBride said. 'Now we have a firestorm of controversy and anger from many in the Linux community.'"-- Darl McBride, SLTribune, 2003-11-19[link to home page; also viewable on SiliconValley.com, which adds: "'For the last several months, we have consistently stated and maintained that our System V code is in Linux,' McBride explained. 'The claims SCO has are both broad and deep. These claims touch not just IBM but other vendors as well. They also touch certain industry consortia and corporate Linux end users. Our claims aren't trivial. The violations of our intellectual property are not easily repaired. It is our intention to vigorously protect and enforce SCO's intellectual property, System V source code and our copyrights. We're now fully prepared to do that.' To that end, the company has expanded its agreement with Boies, Schiller & Flexner, the attorneys it hired to pursue its lawsuit against IBM, to include other Linux-related copyright cases."]

  • "I've been pounding the table here for a year or so saying there's no free lunch, and there is going to be a day of reckoning for every company that thinks they are going to try and sell a free model."-- Darl McBride, SLWeekly, 2004-01-22

  • "This is a new digital frontier. We came out, we found that key parts of our code -- we owned the Unix operating system -- was showing up in this new upstart program called Linux. These new programmers working with IBM. We found that things were violated against our copyrights. And so we filed a $3 billion lawsuit against IBM. We've been working through a judicial system here." -- Darl McBride, CNN, 2004-01-30

  • "CRN: Can suing customers, as you've said you will, be good for any vendor?

    "McBride: First it's not our customers. I would say we're suing end users. There are only two industries who use the term 'users,' computers and drugs. Not sure if there's a connection there. But the point is, we're not suing our customers. We are going after end users of Linux and I think there's a slight but significant difference there. . . .

    "It's a weird thing and what it is really is business competition. Underneath all this is hard-core capitalism. They're trying to drive us out of business and we're fighting back. The good news is we have the U.S. Copyright Office on our side to fight with. . . .

    "We think as we head down this path of license or litigate, if look at what we've done over past three months, [it's been] pretty soft in reality. We've focused on playing defense against IBM and Red Hat through August and September. We focused on getting some money raised in October, we wanted our money base underneath us for the fiscal year. We got our legal case in place, taking care of business in defense of other suits. Now it's time to go back on offense.

    "I think where the barometer is going now, I think you'll see some increased interest in Chris's licensing program." -- Darl McBride, CRN, on Linux Pipeline, 2003-11-19

  • "Sontag said SCO has found numerous other violations since filing the IBM suit. 'We keep finding more stuff every day,' he said. 'There's (allegedly infringing) code in all the Linux distributions. If it were a few lines of code, I'd give it to you,' he said."-- Chris Sontag, News.com, 2003-06-13

  • "'Since the year 2001 commercial Linux customers have been purchasing and receiving software that includes misappropriated UNIX software owned by SCO,' said Chris Sontag, senior vice president and general manager, SCOsource intellectual property division, The SCO Group. 'While using pirated software is copyright infringement, our first choice in helping Linux customers is to give them an option that will not disrupt their IT infrastructures. We intend to provide them with choices to help them run Linux in a legal and fully paid-for way.'"-- Chris Sontag, SCO press release, 2003-07-21

  • "'Those who have chosen to ignore the license are more in a situation of potential willful infringement,' Sontag said."-- Chris Sontag, CBROnline, 2003-08-20 [No longer available online for free, but viewable here in ComputerWire's Market Dynamics [PDF], which adds this quotation by Mark Heise, of the law firm of Boies Schiller & Flexner and one by SCO's Jeff Hunsaker: "Mark Heise, of the law firm Boies, Schiller and Flexner, representing SCO against IBM, believes SCO is entitled to pursue users based on its claims. 'End users are improperly using this copyrighted material, and under copyright law SCO is entitled to damages and injunctive relief,' he said. Sontag warned users that ignoring SCO's requests to license the code in advance of a court case could be costly. 'Those who have chosen to ignore the license are more in a situation of potential willful infringement,' Sontag said. . .

    "Hunsaker also admitted SCO was carrying out a deliberate plan to expand its fight with IBM and Linux into a debate over software IP ownership. 'The reason we tried to elevate the discussion beyond SCO versus IBM or SCO versus Linux is because when you personalize the fight for partners and customers they realize that the notion of free software is going to put out of business a number of companies.'"

  • "We've put some open source components into our products and likely will continue to do so in the future. That's not the issue, the issue is the GPL and its pushing IP liability issues unfortunately to the end user when they were likely not the ones causing the problems and those who've inappropriately taken our IP and contributed it predominantly Linux in violation of our contracts, in violation of our copyrights. In that one example, copyrighted code had been misappropriated and there's substantial benefit out there that has still not been rectified. There are other literal copyright infringements that we have not publicly provided, we'll save those for court."-- Chris Sontag, CRN, 2003-11-18

  • "'SCO intends to use every means possible to protect the company's Unix source code and to enforce its copyrights. Once a company is notified that it may be violating copyrights, and if it then continues to use Linux without buying a SCO license to do so, it may open itself up for further legal damages, as a "willful copyright violator,"' Boies said. 'We would prefer licensing to litigation,' McBride added.

    "The company did not completely rule out further action in the future against those who use Linux in a non-corporate setting, but said for the time being it intends to focus on those who 'profit from Linux use.'

    "Boies also stated that there is no need to resolve SCO's pending legal case against IBM before proceeding with the copyright cases it may choose to pursue against unlicensed corporate Linux users.

    "'For several months, SCO has focused primarily on IBM's alleged Unix contract violations and misappropriation of UNIX source code,' McBride said. 'Today, we're stating that the alleged actions of IBM and others have caused customers to use a tainted product at SCO's expense.'"-- David Boies, Wired, 2003-07-21

Now SCO is arguing that IBM is in a separate category from end users. It forgot. IBM is also an end user, so all SCO's threats against end users apply to IBM too. For that matter, IBM received one of the 1500 Fortune letters, so SCO's "surprise" that copyright infringement should now turn up as a counterclaim is disingenuous.

Leaving the media out of it, the various SCOSource pages that come and go (you can get them on Wayback, if you hurry) also tell a straightforward copyright tale:

  • "On July 21, SCO announced that it has received U.S. copyright registrations for UNIX System V source code, a jurisdictional pre-requisite to enforcement of its UNIX copyrights.

    "The company also announced plans to make binary run time licenses for SCO’s intellectual property available to end users. The license would apply to all commercial users of Linux based on a 2.4 or later kernel. The license gives end users the right to use the SCO intellectual property contained in Linux, in binary format only. End users who purchase this license will be held harmless against past and future copyright violations of SCO’s intellectual property in binary format in Linux distributions." -- Dec. 20, 2003

  • "13. Will SCO sue me as an end user customer if I don't buy a license?

    "SCO must protect its UNIX intellectual property and copyrights. The company would prefer to do this by offering a license to Linux customers that use Linux based on the 2.4 kernel and later for commercial purposes. If a customer refuses to compensate SCO for its UNIX intellectual property found in Linux by purchasing a license, and the customer is unable to obtain indemnification from the distributor who provided them with their copy of Linux, then SCO may consider litigation." -- SCOSource for Linux FAQ, June 2003 version

  • "5. Hasn't SCO already indicated that it's okay for its code to be distributed by distributing this code itself that is now in question? Haven't they essentially GPL'd their code?

    "During the period that SCO distributed Linux, SCO was unaware of the copyright violations." -- SCOSource IP License FAQ for Linux, May 2004 version

  • "SCO Intellectual Property License Program

    "To meet customer's needs, SCO has introduced the SCO Intellectual Property (IP) License Program to make binary run time licenses for SCO's intellectual property available to end users. The license gives end users the right to use the SCO intellectual property contained in Linux, in binary format only. End users who purchase this license will be held harmless against past and future copyright violations based on their use of SCO's intellectual property in binary format in Linux distributions on the licensed system. The license applies to all commercial users of Linux." -- SCOSource Licensing, May 2004 version

For SCO to now claim that IBM's counterclaim for noninfringement is introducing alien claims into what they now wish to describe as a case about contracts is difficult to sustain, because the Internet exists.


SNELL & WILMER L.L.P.
Alan L. Sullivan (3152)
Todd M. Shaughnessy (6651)
Amy F. Sorenson (8947)
[address, phone, fax]

CRAVATH, SWAINE & MOORE LLP
Evan R. Chesler (admitted pro hac vice)
David R. Marriott (7572)
[address, phone, fax]

Attorneys for Defendant/Counterclaim-Plaintiff
International Business Machines Corporation

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF UTAH

THE SCO GROUP, INC.

Plaintiff/Counterclaim-Defendant,

v.

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION,

Defendant/Counterclaim-Plaintiff
DEFENDANT/COUNTERCLAIM-PLAINTIFF IBM'S REDACTED REPLY MEMORANDUM IN FURTHER SUPPORT OF ITS CROSS-MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON ITS CLAIM FOR DECLARATORY JUDGMENT OF NON-INFRINGEMENT


Civil No. 2:03CV0294 DAK

Honorable Dale A. Kimball

Magistrate Judge Brooke C. Wells


TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Preliminary Statement 1
Statement of Undisputed Facts 5
Argument 6
I. SCO BEARS THE BURDEN OF DEMONSTRATING THAT THERE ARE GENUINE ISSUES OF MATERIAL FACT THAT WOULD PRECLUDE SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON IBM'S TENTH COUNTERCLAIM 6
II. SCO HAS NOT ADDUCED, AND CANNOT ADDUCE, EVIDENCE SUFFICIENT TO CREATE A GENUINE ISSUE OF MATERIAL FACT 10
A. SCO Fails Properly To Challenge IBM's Statement Of Undisputed Facts 11
B. SCO Fails To Adduce Any Competent Evidence That IBM Has Infringed SCO's Alleged UNIX Copyrights 12
1. SCO's purported evidence should be stricken from the record because it was not disclosed in response to IBM's discovery requests or in response to Judge Wells's discovery orders 12
2. In any event, SCO's purported evidence is inadmissible because it is not based on personal knowledge and is improper opinion testimony 17
3. Even if his testimony were admissible, the allegedly infringing code identified by Mr. Gupta is insufficient to establish copyright infringement 18
C. SCO Fails To Adduce Any Competent Evidence That SCO Is The Rightful Owner Of Valid Copyrights In The UNIX Software 23
III. NEITHER SCO'S RULE 56(f) APPLICATION NOR THE PROCEDURAL POSTURE OF THE CASE PRECLUDES A GRANT OF SUMMARY JUDGMENT 25
A. The Fact That Discovery Is Not Complete Is Alone No Reason To Grant SCO's Rule 56(f) Application 26
B. SCO Has (And Has Had) All Of The Materials It Needs To Show "Substantial Similarity" And Claims Already To Have Analyzed The Materials 27
C. None Of The Additional And Extensive Discovery SCO Seeks Is Necessary Or Even Relevant To IBM's Motion 32
IV. SCO'S OPPOSITION SEEKS MERELY TO CREATE A SMOKESCREEN TO COVER THE INADEQUACIES OF ITS CLAIMS AND FURTHER TO DELAY THE RESOLUTION OF THIS LITIGATION 38
Conclusion 45

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
CASES
Adams v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.,
        184 F.R.D. 369 (D. Kan. 1998)
30
Adler v. Wal-Mart Stores. Inc.,
        144 F.3d 664 (10th Cir. 1998)
7, 31
American Eagle Ins. Co. v. Thompson,
        85 F.3d 327 (8th Cir. 1996)
8
Ashley Creek Phosphate Co. v. Chevron,
        129 F. Supp. 2d 1299 (D. Utah 2000)
11
Autoskill Inc. v. Nat'l Educ. Support Sys., Inc.,
        994 F. 2d 1476 (10th Cir. 1993)
22, 24, 28
Baker v. IBP, Inc.,
        No. 02-4067, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 23869 (D. Kan. Dec. 5, 2002)
14
Ben Ezra, Weinstein, & Co., Inc. v. America Online Inc.,
        206 F.3d 980 (10th Cir. 2000)
27
Biocore Med. Techs., Inc. v. Khosrowshahi,
        No. 98-2031, 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20512 (D. Kan. Nov. 6, 1998)
14
Bobian v. Csa Czech Airlines,
        232 F. Supp. 2d 319 (D.N.J. 2002)
31
Bridge Publ'ns. Inc. v. F.A.C.T. Net. Inc.,
        183 F.R.D. 254 (D. Colo. 1998)
24
Brightway Adolescent Hosp. v. Health Plan of Nevada, Inc.,
        No. Civ. 2:98CV0729, 2000 WL 33710845 (D. Utah Sept. 20, 2000)
32
Bucklew v. Hawkins, Ash. Baptie & Co., LLP,
        329 F.3d 923 (7th Cir. 2003)
22, 34
Calvary Holdings, Inc. v. Chandler,
        948 F.2d 59 (1st Cir. 1991)
37
Castle Rock Entm't, Inc. v. Carol Publ'g Group, Inc.,
        150 F.3d 132 (2d Cir. 1998)
34
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,
        477 U.S. 317 (1986)
7
Committee For The First Amendment v. Campbell,
        962 F.2d 1517 (10th Cir. 1992)
26, 27
Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid,
        490 U.S. 730 (1989)
24
Computer Assoc. Int'l, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.,
        982 F.2d 693 (2d Cir. 1992)
21
Country Kids N City Slicks, Inc. v. Sheen,
        77 F.3d 1280 (10th Cir. 1996)
10, 28
Cudjoe v. Independent Sch. Dist. No. 12,
        297 F.3d 1058 (10th Cir. 2002)
7
Cuenca v. Univ. of Kan.,
        No. 98-4180, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9942 (D. Kan. May 14, 2001)
14
Ehrenraus v. Reynolds,
        965 F.2d 916 (10th Cir. 1992)
13
Ericsson, Inc. v. Harris Corp.,
        No. Civ. A. 3:98CV2903, 1999 WL 604827 (N.D. Tex. Aug. 11, 1999)
9
Fernandez v. Bankers Nat'l Life Ins. Co.,
        906 F.2d 559 (11th Cir. 1990)
36
G.I. Holdings, Inc. v. Baron & Budd,
        213 F.R.D. 146 (S.D.N.Y. 2003)
3
Gallup, Inc. v. Talentpoint, Inc.,
        No. Civ. A. 00-5523, 2001 WL 1450592 (E.D. Pa. Nov. 13, 2001)
24
Gates Rubber Co. v. Bando Chem. Indus. Ltd.,
        9 F.3d 823 (10th Cir. 1993)
2, 18, 20, 21, 22
Gemisys Corp, v. Phoenix Am., Inc.,
        186 F.R.D. 551 (N.D. Cal. 1999)
30, 33
Genentech, Inc. v. Amgen, Inc.,
        289 F.3d 761 (Fed. Cir. 2002)
28
Glenayre Elec., Inc. v. Jackson,
        No. 02 CV 0256, 2003 WL 366574 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 19, 2003)
10
Go Med. Indus. Pty. Ltd. v. Inmed Corp.,
        300 F. Supp. 2d 1297 (N.D. Ga. 2003)
17
Gocolay v. New Mexico Fed. Sav. & Loan Assoc.,
        968 F.2d 1017 (10th Cir. 1992)
13, 14
Harbor Software Inc. v. Applied Sys., Inc.,
        925 F. Supp. 1042 (S.D.N.Y. 1996)
22
Hards v. Gordon,
        No. 2:03CV-0250, 2004 WL 1055664 (D. Utah May 5, 2004)
11
Hite v. PQ Corp.,
        Nos. 98-2088 & 98-2175, 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19933 (D. Kan. Dec. 10, 1998)
14
Hollander v. Sandoz Pharm. Corp.,
        289 F.3d 1193 (10th Cir. 2002)
18
Holt v. Wesley Med. Ctr.,
        No. 00-1318, 2002 WL 31778785 (D. Kan. Nov. 25, 2002)
32
Huthwaite, Inc. v. Sunrise Assisted Living, Inc.,
        261 F. Supp. 2d 502 (E.D. Va. 2003)
31
Hydro Eng'g v. Landa, Inc.,
        231 F. Supp. 2d 1130 (D.Utah 2002)
17
Ins. Corp. of Ireland, Ltd. v. Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee,
        456 U.S. 694 (1982)
14
Intellicall, Inc. v. Phonometrics, Inc.,
        952 F.2d 1384 (Fed. Cir. 1992)
10
Interactive Network, Inc. v. NTN Comm., Inc.,
        875 F. Supp. 1398 (N.D. Cal. 1995)
8, 10
Jarvis v. Nobel/Sysco Food Serv. Co.,
        985 F.2d 1419 (10th Cir. 1993)
27
Jean v. Bug Music, Inc.,
        No. 00 Civ. 4022, 2002 WL 287786 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 27, 2002)
23
Jensen v. Redev. Agency of Sandy City,
        998 F.2d 1550 (10th Cir. 1993)
27, 32
Johnston v. IVAC Corp.,
        885 F.2d 1574 (Fed. Cir. 1989)
10
Koplove v. Ford Motor Co.,
        795 F.2d 15 (3d Cir. 1986)
31
Larami Corp. v. Amron,
        No. Civ. A. 91-6145, 1993 WL 69581 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 11, 1993)
8, 10
Lefler v. United Healthcare of Utah, Inc.,
        162 F. Supp. 2d 1310 (D. Utah 2001)
7
Lifewise Master Funding v. Telebank,
        374 F.3d 917 (10th Cir. 2004)
23
Lifshitz v. Walter Drake & Sons, Inc.,
        806 F.2d 1426 (9th Cir. 1986)
20
Litton Sys., Inc. v. VHC, Inc.,
        No. Civ. A 398 CV 0357, 1998 WL 386164 (N.D. Tex. July 8, 1998)
9
Madrid v. Chronicle Books,
        209 F. Supp. 2d 1227 (D. Wyo. 2002)
31
Medimmune, Inc. v. Centocor, Inc.,
        271 F. Supp. 2d 762 (D. Md. 2003)
8
Meyerhoff v. Michelin Tire Corp.,
        70 F.3d 1175 (10th Cir. 1995)
17
Midway Mfg. Co. v. Bandai-America, Inc.,
        546 F. Supp. 125 (D.N.J. 1982)
28
Mitel, Inc. v. Iqtel, Inc.,
        124 F.3d 1366 (10th Cir. 1997)
10, 18
Moore U.S.A., Inc. v. Standard Register Co.,
        229 F.3d 1091 (Fed. Cir. 2000)
28
Morrison Flying Serv. v. Deming Nat'l Bank,
        340 F.3d 430 (10th Cir. 1965)
36
Nguyen v. IBP, Inc.,
        162 F.R.D. 675 (D. Kan. 1995)
16
Norma Ribbon & Trimming, Inc. v. Little,
        51 F.3d 45 (5th Cir. 1995)
20
Ontario Die Co. of America v. Independent Die Assoc., Inc.,
        No. 89-CV-30035, 1990 WL 300899 (E.D. Mich. Aug. 24, 1990)
10
Orjias v. Stevenson,
        31 F.3d 995 (10th Cir. 1994)
17
Penguin Books U.S.A., Inc. v. New Christian Church of Full Endeavor. Ltd.,
        288 F. Supp. 2d 544 (S.D.N.Y. 2003)
20
Price v. Western Resources, Inc.,
        232 F.3d 779 (10th Cir. 2000)
26, 27
Pub. Serv. Co. of Colorado v. Continental Cas. Co.,
        26 F.3d 1508 (10th Cir. 1994)
26
Quinn v. Kansas City,
        64 F. Supp. 2d 1084 (D. Kan. 1999)
14
Radich v. Goode,
        886 F.2d 1391 (3d Cir. 1989)
26
Raleigh v. Snowbird Corp.,
        992 F. Supp. 1295 (D. Utah 1998)
32
Ralston v. Smith & Nephew Richards, Inc.,
        275 F.3d 965 (10th Cir. 2001)
17
Reliance Life Ins. Co. v. Burgess,
        112 F.2d 234 (8th Cir. 1940)
8
Resolution Trust Corp. v. Williams,
        162 F.R.D. 654 (D. Kan. 1995)
14
Rueb v. Morales,
        No. 02-1267, 91 Fed. Appx. 95, 2004 WL 206310 (10th Cir. Feb. 4, 2004)
14
Salguero v. City of Clovis,
        366 F.3d 1168 (10th Cir. 2004)
17
Sames v. Gable,
        732 F.2d 49 (3d Cir. 1984)
37
Sanders v. Quikstak, Inc.,
        889 F. Supp. 128 (S.D.N.Y. 1995)
29
Schaffrath v. Thomas,
        993 F. Supp. 842 (D. Utah 1998)
32
Scholastic, Inc. v. Stouffer,
        221 F. Supp. 2d 425 (S.D.N.Y. 2002)
23
Sem-Torq, Inc. v. K Mart Corp.,
        936 F.2d 851 (6th Cir. 1991)
24
Shea v. Fantasy Inc.,
        No. C 02-02644, 2003 WL 881006 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 27, 2003)
24
Snook v. Trust Co. of Georgia Bank of Savannah. N.A.,
        859 F.2d 865 (11th Cir. 1988)
36
Sowell v. United Container Mach., Inc.,
        No. 02-2004, 2002 WL 31466439 (D. Kan. Nov. 1, 2002)
16
In re Standard Metals Corp.,
        817 F.2d 625 (10th Cir. 1987)
13
Steiner Sales Co. v. Schwartz Sales Co.,
        98 F.2d 999 (10th Cir. 1938)
8
Stevens v. Deluxe Fin. Servs., Inc.,
        199 F. Supp. 2d 1128 (D. Kan. 2002)
17
Sturdza v. United Arab Emirates,
        281 F.3d 1287 (D.C. Cir. 2002)
31
Thimbleberries. Inc. v. C & F Enters., Inc.,
        142 F. Supp. 2d 1132 (D. Minn. 2001)
24
Toma v. City of Weatherford,
        846 F.2d 58 (10th Cir. 1988)
13, 14
Trainor v. Apollo Metal Specialties, Inc.,
        318 F.3d 976 (10th Cir. 2003)
7
Tuff 'N' Rumble Mgmt., Inc. v. Profile Records, Inc.,
        No. 95 Civ. 0246, 1997 WL 158364 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 2, 1997)
24
Universal Money Ctrs., Inc. v. American Tel. & Tel. Co.,
        22 F.3d 1527 (10th Cir. 1994)
37
Vining v. Runyon,
        99 F.3d 1056 (11th Cir. 1996)
36
Weir v. Anaconda Co.,
        773 F.2d 1073 (10th Cir. 1985)
26
Whitehead v. Paramount Pictures Corp.,
        53 F. Supp. 2d 38 (D.D.C. 1999)
33
Williams v. Arndt,
        626 F. Supp. 571 (D. Mass. 1985)
28
Woodworker's Supply, Inc. v. Principal Mut. Life Ins. Co.,
        170 F.3d 985 (10th Cir. 1999)
17
Wuv's Int'l, Inc. v. Love's Enters., Inc.,
        208 U.S.P.Q. 736 (D. Colo. 1980)
9
Zhou v. Pittsburg State Univ.,
        No. 01-2493, 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1355 (D. Kan. Jan. 29, 2003)
14
STATUTES/RULES
17 U.S.C. § 410 24
Fed. R. Civ. P. 37 15, 16, 35
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 7, 26, 27

International Business Machines Corporation ("IBM") respectfully submits this reply memorandum in further support of its cross-motion for partial summary judgment on its claim against The SCO Group, Inc. ("SCO") for a declaration of non-infringement with respect to IBM's Linux activities.

Preliminary Statement

To avoid summary judgment, SCO was required either to adduce evidence demonstrating that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to IBM's alleged infringement of SCO's purported UNIX copyrights or to demonstrate precisely how additional discovery would lead to a genuine issue of material fact. Notwithstanding SCO's opposition papers of more than 200 pages, SCO fails to establish that any material facts are in dispute or to justify SCO's inability to support its allegations on the current record. Partial summary judgment should therefore be entered in favor of IBM and against SCO.

The only facts material to this motion are not in dispute:

(1) SCO has been claiming publicly for more than a year that it owns the copyrights at issue, that the use of Linux infringes SCO's alleged copyrights and that SCO has "mountains" and "truckloads" of evidence to support its claims;

(2) IBM has asked SCO repeatedly to adduce evidence to support its infringement allegations by, among other things, explaining in detail how, if at all, IBM has infringed SCO's alleged copyrights;

(3) Magistrate Judge Wells twice ordered SCO to provide complete and detailed responses to IBM's discovery requests;

(4) In response to IBM's discovery requests and the Court's orders, SCO did not adduce (and still has not adduced) any competent evidence that IBM's Linux activities infringe SCO's alleged copyrights (or even that SCO owns valid copyrights); and

(5) SCO has long been in possession of all the materials it needs to determine whether any code in Linux infringes any code in SCO's allegedly copyrighted material, and has been unable to find any evidence of infringement.

Based upon these undisputed facts, partial summary judgment should be entered in favor of IBM.

Contrary to SCO's contention, the law is clear that SCO has the burden of adducing admissible evidence of infringement (in response to IBM's motion) in order to avoid summary judgment. SCO has not satisfied that burden. (See Section I below.)

As an initial matter, SCO fails even properly to contest the facts in IBM's statement of undisputed facts. Instead, SCO submits its own counter statement of facts, none of which are any impediment to the entry of summary judgment. Indeed, many are immaterial, are unsupported by evidence properly in the record and expressly relate only to SCO's contract claims against IBM, which are not even at issue in this motion. (See Section II.A below.) More importantly, the only evidence that SCO apparently relies on to suggest that IBM has infringed SCO's purported UNIX copyrights -- the testimony of a SCO employee named Sandeep Gupta -- was disclosed for the first time in opposition to IBM's motion. As this information was not previously disclosed in response to IBM's discovery requests and Judge Well's two discovery orders, it should be stricken from the record and disregarded in considering IBM's motion. (See Section II.B below.)

In any case, Mr. Gupta's opinion testimony is inadequate to create a genuine issue of material fact as to IBM's alleged infringement. As discussed in greater detail in IBM's accompanying Motion to Strike Materials Submitted by SCO in Opposition to IBM's Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment, Mr. Gupta's testimony is inadmissible because it is not based on personal knowledge and Mr. Gupta does not even purport to be an expert qualified to offer opinion testimony. (See Section II.B.2 below.) Moreover, Mr. Gupta's testimony is fatally flawed (as a matter of law) since it purports to find "substantial similarity" between code in Linux and SCO's allegedly copyrighted material without filtering unprotectable material, as is required under this Circuit's holding in Gates Rubber Co. v. Bando Chemical Indus. Ltd., 9 F.3d 823 (10th Cir. 1993). (See Section II.B.3 below.)

SCO's opposition ultimately rests on a single untenable proposition: that SCO should be allowed more time to discover (through what can best be described as a massive fishing expedition) evidence that it has long told everyone it has, but obviously does not. As support, SCO asserts it has not had sufficient opportunity to take discovery because IBM only recently asserted its Tenth Counterclaim and has refused to provide SCO with information necessary for SCO to show infringement. The undisputable facts are, however, that (1) SCO's public assertions of copyright infringement have been, part of this case -- at least through IBM's counterclaims for violation of the Lanham Act, unfair competition, and unfair trade practices -- since long before IBM added its Tenth Counterclaim, and (2) the only information necessary for SCO to show infringement has been available to SCO since before it even commenced this litigation. Moreover, the principal additional discovery that SCO claims it needs -- extensive materials concerning IBM's AIX and Dynic operating systems -- is wholly irrelevant to IBM's Tenth Counterclaim, which concerns whether code in the Linux operating system infringes allegedly copyrighted material in certain versions of SCO's UNIX operating systems. (See Section III below.)

REDACTED

REDACTED

SCO's opposition papers thus seek only to perpetuate the fear, uncertainty and doubt it has fostered regarding Linux. Rather than substantiate its public claims that it has "mountains" and "truckloads" of evidence of copyright infringement, SCO demands delay. Indeed, SCO goes so far as to contend that it could take 25,000 man-years for SCO to determine whether Linux infringes SCO's purported UNIX copyrights. SCO's request for delay is nothing but gamesmanship. After more than a year-and-a-half of litigation, and despite its claims to have done "a deep dive into Linux" and "compared the source code of Linux with Unix every which way but Tuesday", it is clear that SCO has no, and never has had any, evidence of copyright infringement. (See Section IV below.)

Statement of Undisputed Facts1

IBM's opening papers set out, and supported with admissible evidence, 48 statements of undisputed fact. (See IBM's Opening Mem., Statement of Undisputed Facts ("IBM Statement") ¶¶ 1-48.)

As discussed below (in Section II.A), despite SCO's more than 200 pages of opposition papers (excluding exhibits), SCO has failed properly to contest IBM's statements of fact, as summarized in Addendum A.2 Indeed, SCO does not dispute at all 17 of the 48 statements (see SCO's Analysis of Undisputed Facts ¶¶ 4-15, 18, 26-27, 31-32), and fails to adduce evidence sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact as to the remaining statements, such that all must therefore be deemed admitted.

Particularly relevant for this motion, it remains undisputed, among other things, that:

(1) SCO has repeatedly claimed publicly that it owns the copyrights at issue (IBM Statement ¶¶ 17-21, 24, 42), that the use of Linux infringes SCO's alleged copyrights (IBM Statement ¶¶ 17, 21), and that SCO has "mountains" and "truckloads" of evidence to support its claims (IBM Statement ¶ 27);

(2) IBM has asked SCO repeatedly to adduce evidence to support its infringement allegations regarding Linux by, among other things, explaining in detail how, if at all, IBM has infringed SCO's alleged copyrights (IBM Statement ¶¶ 30-32, 34, 38-39);

(3) Magistrate Judge Wells twice ordered SCO to provide complete and detailed responses to IBM's discovery requests (IBM Statement ¶¶ 33, 39, Exs. 36, 40);

(4) in response to IBM's discovery requests and the Court's orders, SCO did not adduce (and still has not adduced) any evidence to show that IBM's Linux activities (i.e., its copying of the Linux kernel)3 infringe SCO's alleged copyrights (or even that it owns valid copyrights) (IBM Statement ¶¶ 41-47); and

(5) SCO has long been in possession of all the materials it needs to determine whether any code in Linux infringes any code in SCO's allegedly copyrighted material, and has been unable to find any evidence of infringement. (IBM Statement ¶¶ 12-14.)

Argument

I. SCO BEARS THE BURDEN OF DEMONSTRATING THAT THERE ARE
GENUINE ISSUES OF MATERIAL FACT THAT WOULD PRECLUDE
SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON IBM'S TENTH COUNTERCLAIM.

SCO misstates the standard this Court must apply in considering IBM's motion for partial summary judgment. Although SCO has been asserting publicly for more than a year that it has substantial evidence that source code in Linux infringes its purported UNIX copyrights,4 SCO now contends it should be IBM's burden in this case to show "that Linux does not contain material that infringes SCO's copyrights", (SCO Opp. at 59 (emphasis added).) As explained in IBM's opening brief (at 24-25), however, because IBM's Tenth Counterclaim seeks a declaration of non-infringement, SCO is wrong.

As recited in the very cases cited by SCO, "where the non-moving party will bear the burden of proof at trial", summary judgment must be granted if the "nonmoving party has failed to make a sufficient showing on an essential element of [its] case", Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323-324 (1986); see Trainor v. Apollo Metal Specialties, Inc., 318 F.3d 976, 979 (10th Cir. 2003) (holding that the moving party can carry its burden on a motion for summary judgment "by showing that the nonmoving party does not have enough evidence to carry its burden of persuasion at trial."). In this Circuit, therefore, although IBM "bears the initial burden of making a prima facie demonstration of the absence of a genuine issue of material fact and entitlement to judgment as a matter of law", IBM "need not negate the nonmovant's claim" with any evidence. See Adler v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 144 F.3d 664, 670-71 (10th Cir. 1998) (emphasis added); see also Cudjoe v. Independent Sch. Dist. No. 12, 297 F.3d 1058, 1062 (10th Cir. 2002). Rather, IBM is entitled to summary judgment if it can "point[] out to the court a lack of evidence for the nonmovant on an essential element of the nonmovant's claim". Adler, 144 F.3d at 671.5

Since IBM merely seeks a declaration that it does not infringe SCO's alleged copyrights, SCO, not IBM, bears the burden of proof at trial. It is well-established that when a declaratory judgment plaintiff seeks a declaration of non-infringement, the party claiming infringement -- i.e., the declaratory judgment defendant -- bears the burden.6 See Interactive Network, Inc. v. NTN Comm., Inc., 875 F. Supp. 1398, 1403 (N.D. Cal. 1995) (holding that the defendant in a declaratory judgment action seeking a declaration of non-infringement bears the burden of proof); Larami Corp. v. Amron, No. Civ. A. 91-6145, 1993 WL 69581, at *3 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 11, 1993) (same); Medimmune, Inc. v. Centocor, Inc., 271 F. Supp. 2d 762, 769-70 (D. Md. 2003) ("[I]n a typical patent infringement declaratory judgment case where the declaratory plaintiff seeks a holding of non-infringement, the patent holder retains the burden of proof despite being the nominal defendant.") (internal quotation and marks omitted).7

SCO's assertion that IBM bears the burden of proof is based on a blatant misreading of the law. The principal case upon which SCO relies to argue that IBM must prove at trial that it does not infringe SCO's copyrights, Steiner Sales Co. v. Schwartz Sales Co., 98 F.2d 999 (10th Cir. 1938), does not support that proposition. In Steiner, the declaratory judgment plaintiff was not seeking a declaration of non-infringement. Instead, plaintiff sought to establish that certain patent licensing agreements it had entered into with defendant violated federal antitrust laws. Even as SCO describes the case -- by directly quoting (without attribution) a Westlaw headnote -- Steiner held only "that the declaratory plaintiff had the burden of establishing that the contracts had tended to lessen competition and had resulted in loss or damage to plaintiff". (SCO Opp. at 57 (quoting Headnote 19).) Indeed, a careful reading of the case confirms that Steiner stands only for the unremarkable proposition that a plaintiff bears the burden of establishing it is entitled to the declaration of an affirmative proposition that it is seeking (i.e., that certain contracts violated antitrust laws), not a declaration of a negative proposition, such as non-infringement.8

Contrary to SCO's interpretation of the law, therefore, IBM is entitled to summary judgment on the instant motion unless SCO is able to come forward with specific evidence demonstrating a genuine issue of material fact as to IBM's alleged infringement of SCO's copyrights. See Interactive Network, 875 F. Supp. at 1403 ("[S]ummary judgment of noninfringement for the alleged infringer (Interactive) must be granted unless NTN can demonstrate a genuine issue of material fact as to whether a reasonable jury could conclude that the two works are substantially similar in both ideas and expression"); Larami, 1993 WL 69581, at *3 ("[O]n this motion for partial summary judgment, [plaintiff] need only point out the absence of evidence supporting a finding of infringement. To resist this motion, [defendant] must then come forward with specific evidence showing that there is a genuine issue of material fact for trial as to whether the '129 patent is infringed.")9

II. SCO HAS NOT ADDUCED, AND CANNOT ADDUCE, EVIDENCE SUFFICIENT
TO CREATE A GENUINE ISSUE OF MATERIAL FACT.

As stated in IBM's opening brief, summary judgment should be granted in IBM's favor unless SCO can demonstrate a genuine issue of material of fact exists as to (1) SCO's ownership of valid copyrights and (2) IBM's copying of protectable elements of SCO's copyrighted work. See Mitel, Inc. v. Iqtel, Inc., 124 F.3d 1366, 1370 (10th Cir. 1997) (stating elements of copyright infringement); accord Country Kids 'N City Slicks, Inc. v. Sheen, 77 F.3d 1280, 1284 (10th Cir. 1996).

Although SCO has submitted a 90-page brief, three lengthy witness declarations, and thousands of pages of exhibits in opposition to IBM's motion, SCO fails to adduce evidence sufficient to allow a jury to find that IBM's Linux activities infringe SCO's alleged copyrights. As SCO fails to meet its burden, IBM is entitled to summary judgment on its Tenth Counterclaim.

    1. SCO Fails Properly To Challenge IBM's Statement Of Undisputed Facts.

As an initial matter, SCO fails even properly to challenge IBM's statements of undisputed facts. Local Rule 56-1(c) provides:

"A memorandum in opposition to a motion for summary judgment must begin with a section that contains a concise statement of material facts as to which the party contends a genuine issue exists. Each fact in dispute must be numbered, must refer with particularity to those portions of the record on which the opposing party relies and, if applicable, must state the number of the movant's fact that is disputed."

DUCivR 56-1(c): see Hards v. Gordon, No. 2:03CV-0250, 2004 WL 1055664, at *1 n.1 (D. Utah May 5, 2004) (Ex. E). Here, rather than concisely identifying the particular statements of IBM's that it challenges, and the particular portions of the record that support its contention that a genuine issue of material fact exists, SCO instead submits its own counter statement of facts. That is improper under DUCivR 56-1(c), and IBM's statement of facts should be deemed admitted for this reason alone. See Ashley Creek Phosphate Co. v. Chevron, 129 F. Supp. 2d 1299, 1303 n.2 (D. Utah 2000), aff'd in part, rev'd in part, 315 F.3d 1245 (10th Cir. 2003) (noting that plaintiff "did not refer the court to any material facts that it claims are in dispute; rather, it simply provided its own statement of undisputed facts, which does not comport with the requirements" of the local rules).

SCO's counter statement of facts (referred to herein as "SCO's Facts") is also insufficient to demonstrate that genuine issues of material fact exist. SCO's alleged facts are either immaterial -- indeed, irrelevant -- to the instant motion (including in particular, numerous facts that relate only to SCO's contract claims against IBM (SCO's Facts ¶¶ 15-24)) or are not supported by admissible evidence properly in the record.10 As reviewed in IBM's accompanying motion to strike, which is incorporated herein by reference, much of the evidence upon which SCO relies is inadmissible because it: (1) is not based on personal knowledge; (2) is hearsay; or (3) is improper opinion testimony.11

B. SCO Fails To Adduce Any Competent Evidence That IBM Has Infringed SCO's Alleged UNIX Copyrights.

1. SCO's purported evidence should be stricken from the record because it was not disclosed in response to IBM's discovery requests or in response to Judge Wells's discovery orders.

Setting aside SCO's failure properly to contest IBM's statement of facts, the only evidence that SCO has submitted purportedly to suggest that IBM has infringed SCO's alleged UNIX copyrights is the opinion of a SCO employee named Sandeep Gupta, whose credentials (if any) SCO does not disclose. (See Gupta Decl.) In his declaration, Mr. Gupta opines that IBM has had access to the allegedly copyrighted works and that there are substantial similarities between six categories of "routines" or "groupings of code" within Linux and SCO's allegedly copyrighted UNIX code. (Gupta Decl. ¶ 3.) This supposed evidence, however, was disclosed for the first time in opposition to this motion, more than a year after SCO commenced this litigation and had publicly proclaimed to have performed extensive analyses of Linux and UNIX code and found substantial evidence of copying. SCO never disclosed the information contained in the Gupta Declaration in response to IBM's discovery requests or the Court's discovery orders. The Court should therefore disregard Mr. Gupta's declaration in considering IBM's motion under at least Rules 37(b)(2) and 37(c)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

In its opposition brief (at 50-55), SCO mischaracterizes both IBM's argument and the law concerning Rule 37(b)(2). Specifically, SCO asserts that IBM "ignores" and "miserably fails" to satisfy the "just sanction" test in Ehrenraus v. Reynolds, 965 F.2d 916 (10th Cir. 1992). (SCO Opp. at 52.) Ehrenraus, however, only purports to set forth factors a court should consider "[b]efore choosing dismissal as a just sanction". Id. at 921.12 As is explained clearly in IBM's opening brief, IBM seeks nothing of the sort here.

IBM does not seek dismissal of SCO's complaint as a result of SCO's discovery failures; indeed, IBM's instant motion does not seek summary judgment on a single one of SCO's claims against IBM. Rather, IBM seeks to have established against SCO the fact that IBM's Linux activities do not infringe SCO's alleged copyrights and to have excluded from consideration evidence SCO failed to disclose in response to the Court's discovery orders, sanctions specifically provided for in Rule 37(b)(2)(A) and (B). It should come as no surprise, therefore, that IBM did not discuss the Tenth Circuit's standard for seeking dismissal of a complaint as a discovery sanction under Rule 37 in its opening brief.13

Remarkably, SCO even attempts to distinguish the cases cited by IBM, Knowlton v. Teltrust Phones, Inc., Burns v. Imagine Files Entertainment, and Volkart Bros., Inc. v. M/V "Palm Trader", on the ground that the courts in those cases did not "find dispositive sanctions to be appropriate, even in response to a party's proven discovery malfeasance". (SCO Opp. at 54.) SCO's argument misses the point entirely. As stated, IBM does not seek dismissal of SCO's complaint. The Burns, Knowlton, and Volkart cases expressly hold that the sanction IBM is seeking -- establishing particular facts against a delinquent party -- is an appropriate sanction (lesser than dismissal) under Rule 37(b)(2) where a party fails to comply with a discovery order.

In this instance, there can be no doubt that the narrow sanction IBM is seeking is "just" and "specifically related to the particular 'claim' which was at issue in the order to provide discovery". Ins. Corp. of Ireland, Ltd. v. Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee, 456 U.S. 694, 707 (1982). Since IBM served its second set of discovery requests in September 2003, IBM has been seeking from SCO identification of "all source code and other material in Linux ... to which plaintiff has rights", "the nature of plaintiff's rights" in that code, and "how IBM is alleged to have infringed plaintiff's rights" in that code. (Ex. 33, Interrogatory Nos. 12 and 13 and Document Request No. 75.) This information was (and is) relevant to IBM's counterclaims for violation of the Lanham Act (IBM's Second Counterclaim), unfair competition (IBM's Third Counterclaim) and unfair and deceptive trade practices (IBM's Fifth Counterclaim), which are premised (at least in part) on what we believe to be SCO's false and disparaging claims that the use of Linux infringes SCO's rights. Obviously, the very same information is relevant to IBM's Tenth Counterclaim, which seeks a declaration that IBM's Linux activities do not infringe SCO's purported rights.

Nevertheless, and despite two court orders directing SCO to respond fully to IBM's interrogatories, SCO persisted in refusing properly to identify the code in Linux to which it claims rights and how IBM is alleged to have infringed those rights. As a result, it is only just to preclude SCO from now submitting evidence in the form of the Gupta Declaration to establish IBM's purported infringement of SCO's copyrights in opposition to IBM's motion for summary judgment, when SCO has failed to do so at any time in the past year in response to IBM's discovery requests and the Court's orders. SCO's time to come forward with its supposed evidence has long since passed.

Moreover, the Gupta Declaration should also be excluded from consideration on this motion pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1):14 Under Rule 37(c)(1):

"A party that without substantial justification fails to disclose information required by Rule 26(a) or 26(e)(1), or to amend a prior response to discovery as required by Rule 26(e)(2), is not, unless failure is harmless, permitted to use as evidence at a trial, at a hearing, or on a motion any witness or information not so disclosed."15

Rule 37(c)(1) provides for a "self-executing sanction" that is intended to be automatic, unless the party seeking to introduce the evidence can establish substantial justification for its failure to provide the evidence, or shows that such failure is harmless. Fed. R. Civ, P. 37(c)(1) (advisory cmte. notes, 1993 amendments); see Nguyen v. IBP, Inc., 162 F.R.D. 675, 680 (D. Kan. 1995) ("The burden of establishing substantial justification and harmlessness is upon the party who is claimed to have failed to make the required disclosure.").

In this case, SCO has made no attempt to establish "substantial justification" for not providing the information in the Gupta Declaration earlier -- nor could it. The information is, as Mr. Gupta admits, based on a comparison of certain UNIX and Linux code, code which SCO has had in its possession long before it even filed its case. (IBM's Statement ¶¶ 12-14.) Thus, there is no genuine dispute concerning compliance. See Sowell v. United Container Mach., Inc., No. 02-2004, 2002 WL 31466439, at *2 (D. Kan. Nov. 1, 2002) (Ex. E). SCO also makes no attempt to show that "there is no prejudice to the party entitled to the disclosure". Sowell, 2002 WL 31466439, at *2 (emphasis added). To the contrary, IBM has plainly been prejudiced by SCO's failure properly to respond to IBM's interrogatories. SCO has not only wasted IBM's time and resources over the past year of discovery, by requiring IBM to seek to compel SCO to provide necessary information that SCO apparently was only willing to come forward with in the face of a summary judgment motion, but SCO has also perpetuated fear, uncertainty and doubt about the lawfulness of IBM's activities.16

In addition to Rule 37(b)(2), therefore, the Gupta Declaration should also be excluded from consideration on IBM's motion for summary judgment under Rule 37(c)(1). See Orjias v. Stevenson, 31 F.3d 995, 1005 (10th Cir. 1994) (affirming exclusion of testimony at trial because defendant failed adequately to respond to interrogatories); Stevens v. Deluxe Fin. Servs., Inc., 199 F. Supp. 2d 1128, 1144 n.44 (D. Kan. 2002) (excluding document from consideration on summary judgment motion because it was not provided in response to discovery requests); Go Med. Indus. Pty, Ltd. v. Inmed Corp., 300 F. Supp. 2d 1297, 1308-10 (N.D. Ga. 2003) (excluding documents and testimony from consideration on summary judgment motion because they were not disclosed in response to discovery requests).

2. In any event, SCO's purported evidence is inadmissible because it is not based on personal knowledge and is improper opinion testimony.

As is described in more detail in IBM's accompanying motion to strike, Mr. Gupta's testimony should further be stricken from the record because it is not based on personal knowledge and SCO has made no attempt to qualify Mr. Gupta as an expert witness. Accordingly, the testimony is not competent evidence and cannot be relied upon to create a genuine issue of material fact.17

3. Even if his testimony were admissible, the allegedly infringing code identified by Mr. Gupta is insufficient to establish copyright infringement.

Even if the Gupta Declaration was timely disclosed (which it was not) and even if it was competent evidence (which it is not), it remains insufficient as a matter of law to show that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to IBM's copying of protectable elements of SCO's allegedly copyrighted materials. See Mitel, 124 F.3d at 1370 ("In order to establish copyright infringement, plaintiff must prove ... that the defendant copied protectable elements of the copyrighted work.") (emphasis added).

The Tenth Circuit has adopted the abstraction-comparison-filtration test, to determine whether a computer program, such as the Linux kernel, is substantially similar to (and therefore may infringe the copyright in) another computer program, such as SCO's allegedly copyrighted UNIX software. See Gates Rubber Co. v. Bando Chem. Indus. Ltd., 9 F.3d 823, 834 (10th Cir. 1993). As set forth in Gates Rubber, the test requires that a court (1) "dissect the program according to its varying levels of generality", (2) "filter out those elements of the program which are unprotectable" at each level of abstraction; and (3) then "compare the remaining protectable elements with the allegedly infringing program". Id. According to the Tenth Circuit, "[f]iltration should eliminate from the comparison the unprotectable elements of ideas, processes, facts, public domain information, merger material, scenes a faire material, and other unprotectable elements suggested by the particular facts of the program under examination." Id. at 834.

As discussed in IBM's accompanying motion to strike, Mr. Gupta's analysis wholly disregards the abstraction-filtration-comparison test and is therefore fatally flawed.18 Specifically, Mr. Gupta failed to filter the unprotectable elements of the allegedly copyrighted work and to apply the appropriate standard for determining, at the comparison stage, whether one body of code is substantially similar to another body of code.

In his declaration, Mr. Gupta opines that six "routines" or "groupings of code" in Linux are substantially similar to the allegedly copyrighted works: (1) "the Read-Copy-Update [(RCU)] routine"; (2) "the user level synchronizations (ULS) routines"; (3) "IPC code"; (4) certain "header and interfaces"; (5) "System V init code"; and (6) "Executable and Linking Format (ELF) code". (Gupta Decl. ¶ 3.) As is set out in the accompanying Declaration of Brian W. Kernighan (Professor of Computer Science at Princeton University), which is incorporated herein by reference, however, Mr. Gupta failed to appropriately analyze these materials using the Gates Rubber methodology in reaching his conclusions. (See Kernighan Decl. ¶¶ 16-19.) To the extent there are similarities between the routines and groupings of code in Linux identified by Mr. Gupta and the allegedly copyrighted UNIX code, the similarities are only with respect to unprotectable elements of such code. (See id. ¶ 18.) Moreover, the code that Mr. Gupta describes as "substantially similar" or even "identical" is plainly not -- even to a non-technical reviewer. (See id. ¶ 19.)

With respect to the first two items identified by Mr. Gupta -- the RCU and ULS routines (which presumably are his strongest examples) -- even a cursory review reveals the flaws in Mr. Gupta's analysis. To the extent he identifies any similarity at all, Mr. Gupta's analysis is focused almost entirely on unprotectable ideas and concepts. (See Kernighan Decl. ¶¶ 20-21.) Indeed, Mr. Gupta himself claims to identify similar "routines" and "method[s]" that "perform the same ... acts". (Gupta Decl. ¶¶ 3, 5, 7, 10, 11 (describing RCU) and 30, 31, 32, 34, 36 (describing ULS).). Such elements are plainly unprotectable and cannot serve as the basis for a determination of "substantial similarity".19 Moreover, the actual code that Mr. Gupta claims to be substantially similar is plainly not. Even an untrained reviewer can see by looking at the code side-by-side, that there is no similarity whatsoever between the Linux code identified by Mr. Gupta and the corresponding UNIX code. (See Gupta Declaration Exhibits A (RCU code); H, I and J (ULS code); Addenda B (RCU code) and C (ULS code) attached hereto.).

Mr. Gupta's analysis of the "IPC code" is similarly deficient. As an initial matter, the tables in Mr. Gupta's declaration that purport to show similarity between code in the Linux kernel and code in the UNIX software are misleading. Mr. Gupta has selectively arranged, juxtaposed and edited the code to make it appear similar, when an inspection of the unaltered code reveals the code to be starkly different. (See Addendum D attached hereto.) As Dr. Kernighan notes, "Mr. Gupta's conclusions of similarity depend on his selecting isolated lines of code from disparate places and putting them together as if contiguous blocks of code were involved (which they are not) and important differences did not exist (which they do)." (Kernighan Decl. ¶ 22.) In any case, the IPC code cited by Mr. Gupta is in the public domain and thus should have been filtered.20 See Gates Rubber, 9 F.3d at 837 ("[I]n determining copyright infringement, a court must filter out all unoriginal elements of a program, including those elements that are found in the public domain."); Computer Assoc. Int'l, Inc. v. Altai, Inc., 982 F.2d 693, 714 (2d Cir. 1992) (affirming district court decision rejecting copyright infringement where materials at issue "were ... taken from the public domain"). Moreover, even if it were not already in the public domain, the IPC code is comprised entirely of unprotectable ideas, concepts or principles, merger material and scenes a faire material. (See Kernighan Decl. ¶ 22.)

The "ELF code" identified by Mr. Gupta also cannot support a finding of substantial similarity. As explained by Dr. Kernighan, the ELF code to which Mr. Gupta refers is determined by software standards, target industry practice and demands and computer industry programming practices. (See Kernighan Decl, ¶ 23.) Indeed, according to Dr. Kernighan, "the substantive content in the ELF header file comes from a published and widely distributed standard ... that explicitly grants permission for use in the interests of interoperability, by an industry consortium that included SCO's alleged predecessor-in-interest, The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc." (Id.) As such, the ELF code is classic scenes a faire material that is unprotectable as a matter of copyright law. See Gates Rubber, 9 F.3d at 838 ("Under the scenes a faire doctrine, we deny protection to those expressions that are standard, stock, or common to a particular topic or that necessarily follow from a common theme or setting."). In the computer software setting, the Tenth Circuit has ruled that scenes a faire material includes, among other things, "hardware standards and mechanical specifications, software standards and compatibility requirements, computer manufacturer design standards, target industry practices and demands, and computer industry programming practices." Id. at 838 (internal citations omitted).21

The last two (of the six) items identified by Mr. Gupta -- certain "header and interfaces" and "System V init code" -- also pose no impediment to the entry of summary judgment. Neither group of code is part of the Linux kernel. (see Kernighan Decl ¶ 24.) As IBM's Tenth Counterclaim is directed to its activities relating to the Linux kernel, this code is outside the scope of IBM's claim and therefore irrelevant to this motion. In any case, as with the other materials, any similarities identified by Mr. Gupta plainly concern non-protectable elements of the code. (See id.)

Even if the alleged similarities described by Mr. Gupta were in fact all genuinely similar -- and clearly they are not -- they lack the significance necessary to support a finding of copyright infringement. In the Tenth Circuit, substantial similarity may be found only where "those protectable portions of the original work that have been copied constitute a substantial part of the original work -- i.e., matter that is significant in the plaintiff's program". Gates Rubber, 9 F.3d at 839 (emphasis added). Here, the code identified by Mr. Gupta in his declaration comprises no more than 300 lines of code, out of the many millions that exist in the allegedly copyrighted UNIX software (see Kernighan Decl. ¶¶ 5, 26), which can hardly be described as "significant".

In sum, as Mr. Gupta failed to filter the unprotectable elements of the materials he analyzed and to show that the allegedly copied materials were "significant", his opinions are based on a flawed methodology (and are furthermore simply wrong) and should be disregarded on consideration of IBM's motion for summary judgment. See Lifewise Master Funding v. Telebank, 374 F.3d 917, 929 (10th Cir. 2004) (affirming grant of summary judgment where plaintiff's evidence consisted of the affidavit of an individual who "was not qualified as an expert in most of the methodology employed in the statement, [and] the methodology ... [was] not reliable"). When the unprotectable elements of SCO's allegedly copyrighted material are filtered out, no similarity -- let alone, "substantial similarity" -- exists between Linux and the UNIX code. Thus, no reasonable jury could find in favor of SCO, and summary judgment should be entered in IBM's favor.22

C. SCO Fails To Adduce Any Competent Evidence That SCO Is The Rightful Owner Of Valid Copyrights In The UNIX Software.

The only attempt SCO makes to demonstrate that it owns valid copyrights in the UNIX software is its allegation in its brief that "SCO also owns copyrights and additional licensing rights in and to UNIX". (SCO Opp. at 11 (¶ 6).) The document relied on by SCO in support of this statement, however, does not in any way support SCO's contention. (See SCO Opp., Ex. 32.) Indeed, the September 19, 1995 Asset Purchase Agreement (the "APA") between The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc. and Novell, Inc., specifically excluded from the transaction, "All copyrights". (Id. Schedule 1.1(b)(V)(A) (emphasis added).)23

Moreover, SCO cannot seek simply to rely on the copyright registrations it attached to its Second Amended Complaint as proof of ownership. Although a timely-registered copyright is prima facie evidence of ownership of a valid copyright, Autoskill Inc, v. Natl. Edu. Support Sys., Inc., 994 F.2d 1476, 1487-88 (10th Cir. 1993), when a registration is not timely -- i.e., it is filed more than five years after the work was created, 17 U.S.C. § 410(c) -- the purported copyright holder is entitled to no presumption and retains the burden of proving ownership of a valid copyright. See, e.g., Tuff 'N' Rumble Mgmt., Inc. v. Profile Records, Inc., No. 95 Civ. 0246, 1997 WL 158364, at *2-*3 (S.D.N.Y. April 2, 1997) (holding that where a copyright claimant filed an untimely registration, the "registration d[id] not constitute prima facie evidence that the copyright is valid," and claimant then had the burden to prove ownership) (Ex. E).24 As SCO's copyrights state on their face that they were not timely registered, SCO is not entitled to any presumption in this case, and thus bears the burden of establishing ownership of valid copyrights -- a burden that SCO fails even to undertake to meet in opposition to IBM's motion.25 Indeed, since it is a matter of public record that Novell also has registered copyrights for the same UNIX software, SCO's own registrations can scarcely be considered evidence at all.

III. NEITHER SCO'S RULE 56(f) APPLICATION NOR THE PROCEDURAL POSTURE OF THE CASE PRECLUDES A GRANT OF SUMMARY JUDGMENT.

Instead of pointing to evidence in the record that would permit a jury to find in its favor, SCO devotes the majority of its opposition brief to arguing that it requires extensive additional discovery from IBM and numerous third parties before the Court should consider IBM's motion. (SCO Opp. at 60-88.) In short, SCO complains that because IBM only added its Tenth Counterclaim to the case in March 2004, SCO has just now begun the task of determining whether Linux infringes SCO's alleged UNIX copyrights and requires more time to complete its analysis. SCO's argument is baseless.

The issue presented by this motion is whether IBM's Linux activities -- its copying of Linux -- infringe SCO's alleged copyrights. Since it is undisputed that IBM has "copied" Linux (IBM's Statement ¶ 11), the only question presented here is whether code in Linux is "substantially similar" to SCO's allegedly copyrighted works. If there is no such substantially similar code, then the copying of Linux does not, as a matter of law, infringe SCO's alleged copyrights and IBM is entitled to a declaration of non-infringement. As SCO has long been in possession of all the evidence it needs to determine whether such substantially similar code exists (and has publicly claimed already to have performed such an analysis), and the additional discovery requested by SCO is wholly irrelevant to this determination, SCO's Rule 56(f) application should be denied. SCO should not be allowed to conduct a lengthy and onerous fishing expedition based on the mere, misguided hope that it might discover evidence supporting its assertions of infringement.

A. The Fact That Discovery Is Not Complete Is Alone No Reason To Grant SCO's Rule 56(f) Application.

As an initial matter, the simple fact that discovery is not yet complete is not a basis for granting SCO relief under Rule 56(f). It is well established that a party may move for, and a court properly grant, summary judgment before the close of fact discovery. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a), (b); Pub. Serv. Co. of Colorado v. Continental Cas. Co., 26 F.3d 1508, 1518 (10th Cir. 1994) (affirming district court's grant of partial summary judgment prior to the close of discovery); Weir v. Anaconda Co., 773 F.2d 1073, 1082 (10th Cir. 1985) ("There is no requirement in Rule 56, Fed. R. Civ. P., that summary judgment not be entered until discovery is complete."). None of the cases cited by SCO indicate otherwise.26

Although IBM did not add its Tenth Counterclaim until March 2004, the issues relating to the claim have been in the case since at least September 2003. As noted above (at 14-15), SCO's supposed evidence of copyright infringement is relevant to IBM's Second, Third and Fifth Counterclaims, all of which concern SCO's (we believe, false) public accusations that the use of Linux infringes on SCO's alleged intellectual property rights, including SCO's alleged copyrights. Furthermore, the parties have been engaged in discovery relating to IBM's Tenth Counterclaim for nearly a year. For example, as reviewed above (at 14-15), IBM's Interrogatory Nos. 12 and 13 seek identification of "all source code and other material in Linux ... to which plaintiff has rights", "the nature of plaintiff's rights" in that code, and "how IBM is alleged to have infringed plaintiff's rights" in that code, and IBM's Document Request No. 75 asks for the production of all documents relating to the information requested in Interrogatory Nos. 12 and 13. (Ex. 33). Thus, SCO's claim that this case has never concerned any claims that IBM has infringed SCO's alleged copyrights (and its feigned surprise at discovering that such claims are at issue) is unconvincing.

In any event, under Rule 56(f), a court should deny or continue a motion for summary judgment only if the "party opposing the motion ... cannot for reasons stated present by affidavit facts essential to justify the party's opposition". Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(f); see also Jarvis v. Nobel/Sysco Food Serv. Co., 985 F.2d 1419, 1422 n.2 (10th Cir. 1993). A party may not invoke Rule 56(f) "by merely asserting that discovery is incomplete or that specific facts necessary to oppose summary judgment are unavailable." Ben Ezra, Weinstein, & Co., Inc. v. America Online Inc., 206 F.3d 980, 987 (10th Cir. 2000) (citation omitted); accord Jensen v. Redev. Agency of Sandy City, 998 F.2d 1550, 1554 (10th Cir. 1993). Rather, the party seeking relief must present an affidavit "explain[ing] why facts precluding summary judgment cannot be presented ... includ[ing] identifying the probable facts not available and what steps have been taken to obtain these facts." Price ex rel. Price v. Western Resources, Inc., 232 F.3d 779, 783 (10th Cir. 2000) (citing Committee for First Amendment v. Campbell, 962 F.2d 1517, 1522 (10th Cir. 1992).)

In this case, SCO cannot explain why it has been unable to present any evidence that can create a triable issue of fact as to IBM's alleged infringement of SCO's purported copyrights and to identify any discovery that it legitimately needs to oppose IBM's motion.

B. SCO Has (And Has Had) All Of The Materials It Needs To Show "Substantial Similarity" And Claims Already To Have Analyzed The Materials.

Despite its assertions to the contrary, SCO has long been in possession of materials sufficient determine whether IBM's Linux activities infringe SCO's purported copyrights, and has had every opportunity to analyze such materials. Accordingly, SCO is not entitled to any relief under Rule 56(f).27

Determining "substantial similarity" in this case requires nothing more than a comparison of the Linux kernel and SCO's allegedly copyrighted UNIX code. See Country Kids, 77 F.3d at 1284-85 (holding that to determine substantial similarity, the court must "compare the ... protected elements [of the copyrighted work] to the allegedly copied work to determine if the two works are substantially similar."); Autoskill, 994 F.2d at 1491 (holding that a substantial similarity analysis involves "a comparison of portions of the alleged infringer's works with the portions of the complaining party's works which are determined to be legally protectable under the Copyright Act.") Indeed, SCO concedes as much in response to IBM's motion. In paragraph 8 of his declaration, SCO's Senior Vice President Chris Sontag states that, "to show that Linux code is substantially similar to Unix code requires a comparison of that code ..." (emphasis added). Thus, it is self-evident that the only materials that SCO needs to conduct this comparison are the Linux kernel and its own UNIX code.28

As SCO cannot dispute, however, that it has long been in possession of the Linux kernel and SCO's own UNIX software (IBM's Statement ¶¶ 12-14), SCO instead attempts to oppose IBM's motion on the ground that neither SCO nor its experts has had sufficient time to analyze such code. Indeed, SCO contends that it could need 25,000 additional man-years to conduct the requisite comparison unless it is afforded extensive discovery from IBM and third parties.29 That is, frankly, ludicrous.

As explained in the Declaration of Randall Davis (Professor of Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology), submitted herewith, computer code can be efficiently compared using automated tools in combination with manual review in a much more reasonable timeframe. (See Davis Decl. ¶ 17-27.) According to Dr. Davis, capable programmers could complete the task in no more than several months. Indeed, as discussed below (in Section IV), despite its newfound view that it could require an additional 25,000 man-years to conduct its analysis, SCO has been claiming publicly for more than a year that it has retained at least three separate teams of outside experts -- including from the "MIT math department" -- that have "done a deep dive into Linux", "compared the source code of Linux with Unix every which way but Tuesday" and found substantial evidence of copyright infringement (none of which SCO has shared with IBM, assuming it exists).30 (Reply Exs. 5 & 6.)

SCO's assertion, therefore, that it needs years in order to review materials it has long been in possession of, and has claimed to already have reviewed, is unsupportable. Given that SCO (notwithstanding its public claims) has thus far failed to produce any competent evidence of copyright infringement, SCO's mere speculation that it will be able to find evidence, given enough time (perhaps 25,000 additional man-years, according to SCO) is not a sufficient basis to grant its Rule 56(f) application. See Gemisys Corp. v. Phoenix Am., Inc., 186 F.R.D. 551, 566 (N.D. Cal. 1999) ("[M]ere speculation that [further discovery] may reveal evidence to support its allegations is an insufficient basis on which to grant a Rule 56(f) motion"); see also Adams v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 184 F.R.D. 369, 374 (D. Kan, 1998) (denying Rule 56(f) relief where the "memorandum is largely based on speculation that additional evidence might exist"). SCO should not be afforded Rule 56(f) relief based on its unfounded hope that given enough discovery and enough time, it might eventually be able to cobble together some evidence to support its accusations of infringement.

SCO's additional argument that it is entitled to Rule 56(f) relief because it has not yet submitted an expert report (see SCO Opp. at 63-65) is no more compelling.31 It is true, as SCO argues, that expert testimony can be instructive in considering allegations of copyright infringement relating to computer programs and that the deadline for submitting expert reports in this case has not yet passed. It does not follow, however, that summary judgment cannot be entered in the absence of expert testimony, or before the expiration of a court-ordered deadline for submitting expert reports, where a party is unable to come forward with any competent evidence supporting a claim of infringement. Indeed, none of the cases on which SCO relies holds that summary judgment cannot be entered before the submission of expert reports.32

Moreover, as stated, SCO bears the burden of adducing evidence sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact in order to oppose IBM's motion. See Adler, 144 F.3d at 670-71. If SCO believed it required expert testimony to create a question of material fact, then it could have (and should have) submitted admissible expert testimony. Courts are under no obligation to grant a Rule 56(f) motion even if the movant claims that it needs to obtain an expert report to oppose summary judgment. See Bobian v. Csa Czech Airlines, 232 F. Supp. 2d 319, 323-24 (D.N.J. 2002) (denying Rule 56(f) relief to obtain expert report, in part, where "[p]laintiffs offer no persuasive justification for their failure to obtain expert assessments of their injuries sooner"); Koplove v. Ford Motor Co., 795 F.2d 15, 16-18 (3d Cir. 1986) (affirming decision granting summary judgment notwithstanding Rule 56(f) motion to obtain expert report for which the "deadline ... had not yet passed").33

C. None Of The Additional And Extensive Discovery SCO Seeks Is Necessary Or Even Relevant To IBM's Motion.

SCO's Rule 56(f) motion should further be denied because the laundry list of discovery SCO claims to need from IBM and third parties is neither necessary nor relevant to IBM's motion. See Jensen, 998 F.2d at 1554 (holding that "if the information sought is either irrelevant to the summary judgment motion or merely cumulative, no [Rule 56(f)] extension will be granted" (emphasis added); see also Raleigh v. Snowbird Corp., 992 F. Supp. 1295, 1298 (D. Utah 1998) (denying plaintiffs 56(f) application because the requested discovery sought information not relevant to defendant's summary judgment motion); Schaffrath v. Thomas, 993 F. Supp. 842, 847-48 (D. Utah 1998) (same).34

SCO purports to require, in order properly to oppose IBM's motion, the following additional discovery: (1) discovery regarding IBM's Linux activities; (2) discovery regarding access to the allegedly copyrighted UNIX materials; (3) discovery regarding IBM's AIX and Dynix products; and (4) discovery regarding the identity of third-party contributors to Linux and their contributions. None of this information is necessary or even relevant to a showing of substantial similarity between the Linux kernel and SCO's allegedly copyrighted UNIX code. Accordingly, SCO's Rule 56(f) application should be denied. See, e.g., Gemisys, 186 F.R.D. at 566 (denying Rule 56(f) relief and granting summary judgment on copyright infringement claim where the information sought to be discovered, namely "disclosure of [computer program] design and development documents" would not provide "evidence essential to the motion for summary judgment, namely, proof of substantial similarity"); Whitehead v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 53 F. Supp. 2d 38, 53 (D.D.C. 1999) (denying copyright holder's Rule 56(f) motion to obtain "a correct and complete and properly numbered shooting script" of a movie that allegedly infringed his copyrighted book where "given the total absence of similarity between [the copyright holder's] book and the movie, an absolutely accurate shooting script would have done nothing to help [the copyright holder] establish substantial similarity").

First, no additional discovery is required regarding IBM's Linux activities. IBM merely seeks a declaration that its Linux activities -- IBM's "copying" of the Linux kernel and any encouragement by IBM of others to "copy" the Linux kernel -- does not infringe SCO's alleged UNIX copyrights. It is undisputed that IBM has copied Linux and encouraged others to do the same. (IBM Statement ¶ 11.) Thus, there is no need for any discovery on this point -- let alone the "substantial and time-consuming" (SCO Opp. at 78) discovery that SCO says it needs regarding "the enormous extent of [IBM's] worldwide Linux-related activities" (id. at. 76).

Second, no discovery is required regarding access to the allegedly copyrighted UNIX materials. Although SCO has not shown that IBM had access to all of the allegedly copyrighted material, IBM has not moved for summary judgment on that ground. For purposes of this motion, the Court may assume access, without the need for any discovery.

Third, SCO does not require any more discovery regarding IBM's AIX and Dynix products. IBM has already produced hundreds of millions of lines of code from its AIX and Dynix products, all of which is entirely irrelevant to the claim at issue. Whether the Linux kernel infringes SCO's alleged UNIX copyrights depends on whether code in Linux is substantially similar to code in the UNIX software at issue. It does not depend on any other computer program -- whether AIX, Dynix or any other program. SCO's argument, therefore, that it needs billions of additional lines of AIX and Dynix to perform its analyses is untenable. Even if certain code in Linux originated in AIX or Dynix (which SCO has yet to show), it simply does not matter for purposes of determining whether that code in Linux is substantially similar to code in UNIX.35

In any event, the discovery regarding AIX and Dynix that SCO seeks would introduce no efficiencies -- only unnecessary delay. Under SCO's view of what is required to review source code, it would take SCO 14 million man-years to review this additional code. (See Davis Decl. ¶ 39.) Thus, the notion that this additional discovery sought by SCO (or any of the other discovery SCO seeks) would promote efficiency is incorrect.

Fourth, SCO similarly does not require any discovery regarding all of the third-party contributors to Linux or their contributions. Again, what matters here is whether the Linux kernel is substantially similar to SCO's allegedly copyrighted UNIX software, not who contributed a particular line of code or how they did it.36 Absent a showing of substantial similarity, there can be no infringement -- no matter who contributed code to Linux or how they did it. Moreover, since the Linux kernel has been, and is being, written over the Internet, there is a wealth of information about Linux accessible to anyone with Internet access. For example, www.linuxhq.com contains every version of the Linux kernel since the original 1.0.0 and a complete history of every change made to every kernel file over its entire development history. (See Davis Decl. ¶ 18.) Far more information than SCO could ever possibly require for this litigation has thus been available to it from before the suit was filed.

The fact that SCO filed a "renewed" motion to compel seeking some of this additional discovery (the day before SCO filed its memorandum in opposition to IBM's motion for summary judgment) is also no reason to grant SCO's request for Rule 56(f) relief. The obvious purpose of SCO's motion to compel -- which SCO filed without conferring with IBM as required under DUCivR 37-1(a) and Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a)(2)(A) -- was to allow SCO to argue that IBM's motion for summary judgment should not be granted while a discovery motion is pending.

As discussed in IBM's opposition to SCO's "renewed" motion to compel, which is incorporated by reference herein, SCO's contentions in its motion are baseless. In particular, SCO's argument that IBM has not satisfied its discovery obligations and impeded SCO's ability to oppose IBM's motion is false. To date, SCO has propounded 141 document requests and 22 interrogatories, in response to which IBM has produced nearly one million pages of documents and hundreds of millions lines of source code from IBM's AIX and Dynix operating systems,37 and has also provided a substantial amount of information in response to SCO's interrogatories. Prior to filing its "renewed" motion, SCO had moved to compel just once, seeking the production of additional source code from IBM and contact information for every individual who has ever had access to AIX, Dynix and Linux source code. Upon consideration of SCO's motion, Magistrate Judge Wells denied SCO's request for most of what it sought, and ordered IBM to produce certain additional information, which IBM has provided to SCO.38 The notion that IBM has engaged in abusive discovery practices is therefore unsupported and unsupportable.

At any rate, none of the cases on which SCO relies stands for the proposition that a court cannot grant summary judgment merely because a motion to compel is pending. SCO's cases stand for the unremarkable proposition that summary judgment should not be granted if discovery sought in a motion to compel would be material to the issues before the court.39 Courts routinely grant summary judgment notwithstanding pending motions to compel, where those motions, as here, seek material that is not relevant to the motion at hand.40 See Public Service Co. of Colo. v. Continental Cas. Co., 26 F.3d 1508, 1518-19 (10th Cir. 1994) (affirming grant of summary judgment despite pending motion to compel discovery); Universal Money Ctrs., Inc. v. American Tel. & Tel. Co., 22 F.3d 1527, 1536 (10th Cir. 1994) (affirming grant of summary judgment despite pending motion to compel where discovery sought "is not likely to produce significant evidence" to defeat summary judgment); Calvary Holdings, Inc. v. Chandler, 948 F.2d 59, 65 (1st Cir. 1991) (affirming grant of summary judgment despite pending motion to compel where materials sought in motion to compel "are not material to this case").

*       *       *

In sum, none of the discovery SCO seeks is necessary, or even relevant, to the issues presented by this motion. What SCO instead seeks is the right to conduct an extended and entirely useless fishing expedition, in the misguided hope of finding some evidence to support its assertions of infringement. That is not a sufficient basis upon which to grant SCO's Rule 56(f) application.

IV. SCO'S OPPOSITION SEEKS MERELY TO CREATE A SMOKESCREEN TO COVER THE INADEQUACIES OF ITS CLAIMS AND FURTHER TO DELAY THE RESOLUTION OF THIS LITIGATION.

SCO's opposition to IBM's summary judgment motion is nothing more than a smokescreen to cover the shortcomings of its claims and yet another attempt by SCO to delay (perhaps forever) the resolution of this litigation. As reviewed above, SCO protests that summary judgment is inappropriate on IBM's Tenth Counterclaim principally because SCO has never claimed that IBM's Linux activities infringe SCO's copyrights and therefore has not had an adequate opportunity to perform an analysis as to whether Linux kernel contains code that infringes SCO's allegedly copyrighted UNIX code, an analysis SCO claims could take "25,000 man-years". (Sontag Decl. ¶ 14.) Not only are SCO's arguments meritless (as discussed above in Section III), SCO's plea for more time is belied by its representations to this and other federal district courts, by its numerous public statements about this case and by its internal documents, all of which show that SCO has long asserted that Linux infringes SCO's alleged UNIX copyrights and has already performed the very analyses of Linux and UNIX that it says it now must "begin" to perform and needs many more years to complete. (Harrop Decl. ¶ 29.)

First, although SCO now claims it "has not brought any claim that IBM contributed source code to Linux in violation of any SCO copyright" (Harrop Decl. ¶ 9),41 this assertion is contradicted by SCO's own representations in this case. As SCO itself reviews in its opposition brief (at 19 ¶ 27), SCO informed the Court, in moving to dismiss IBM's Tenth Counterclaim, that its copyright claim "against IBM is primarily for IBM's continuing use of AIX and Dynix after SCO terminated IBM's UNIX licenses", but not exclusively for such activities. To the contrary, SCO noted in its letter to the Court dated June 10, 2004 that "[a]ll of SCO's claims" -- including, of course, SCO's copyright claims -- "address IBM's improper contributions to Linux, in violation of SCO's contract and other rights."42 (Reply Ex. 8 at 1.)

Moreover, SCO similarly represented to the court in Red Hat, Inc, v. The SCO Group, Inc., Civ. A. No. 03-772 (D. Del.) -- in which Red Hat seeks a declaration of non-infringement similar to the one IBM seeks in its Tenth Counterclaim -- that SCO's case against IBM would specifically address copyright infringement claims relating to Linux. In seeking to dismiss the Red Hat lawsuit, SCO argued that the "[t]he infringement ... issues Red Hat seeks to adjudicate in this case are currently before U.S. District Judge Dale A. Kimball in the SCO v. IBM Case pending in Utah Federal District Court." (Reply Ex. 9 at 2) (emphasis added). Later, after the Red Hat court denied SCO's motion but sua sponte stayed proceedings in the case, SCO contended that the stay should not be lifted until the conclusion of its case against IBM, because "SCO continues to believe that IBM's violations of ... U.S. copyright law through its improper contributions of SCO's intellectual property to Linux -- the issues that SCO's complaint in Utah presents -- are of paramount importance and will continue to predominate, as a comparative matter, over other issues potentially affecting Linux [in the IBM case]." (Reply Ex. 10 at 2) (emphasis added). SCO's claim in connection with the instant motion, therefore, that it does not allege, and has never alleged, that IBM has infringed SCO's purported UNIX copyrights by its Linux activities is demonstrably false (at least insofar as we are to believe SCO's own representations to this and another federal court).

Indeed, SCO appears to have lost track of the representations it has made to avoid review of its assertions of copyright infringement in the several courts in which it is litigating. For example, in May 2004, SCO argued to the Red Hat court that it should not lift the stay in that case because the copyright issues Red Hat raised were "raised directly by IBM's Tenth Counterclaim against SCO" and "it would be 'a waste of judicial resources,' and resources of the parties, to litigate this case while a substantially similar question is being litigated in federal district court in Utah." (Reply Ex. 11 at 3-4.) Just a few weeks earlier, however, SCO argued to this Court (and continues to argue) that IBM's Tenth Counterclaim should be dismissed because "the issues of whether the use and reproduction of Linux infringes SCO's copyrights is squarely at issue" in SCO's lawsuit against AutoZone, Inc., The SCO Group, Inc. v. Autozone, Inc., CV-S-0237 (D. Nev.), which it filed in March 2004. (Reply Ex. 16 at 4.) Although the AutoZone case has now been stayed, SCO has neither withdrawn its motion to dismiss IBM's Tenth Counterclaim nor suggested to the Red Hat court that the stay in that case should be lifted.

Second, SCO's claim that it in any case did not understand IBM's discovery requests to be seeking SCO's supposed evidence that the use of Linux infringes SCO's alleged copyrights is incredible. As discussed above (at 14-15), IBM's Second Set of Interrogatories requested that SCO identify "all source code and other material in Linux ... to which plaintiff has rights", "the nature of plaintiff's rights" in that code, and "how IBM is alleged to have infringed plaintiff's rights" in that code. To the extent that SCO believed that any code in Linux infringed SCO's alleged copyrights, IBM's interrogatories, which SCO was ordered twice to comply with in full, plainly required the identification of such code.

SCO attempts in effect to portray IBM's Tenth Counterclaim -- which seeks a declaration that IBM's Linux activities do not infringe SCO's alleged copyrights -- as a surprise to SCO. SCO, however, has been claiming publicly for more than a year that anyone's -- which obviously includes IBM's -- use of Linux infringes SCO's alleged copyrights. For example:

  • SCO sent letters in May 2003 to Fortune 1000 companies (including IBM) asserting that "Linux infringes our UNIX intellectual property and other rights". (Ex. 10.)
  • SCO issued a press release in May 2003 charging that "Linux is an unauthorized derivative of UNIX and that legal liability for the use of Linux may extend to commercial users". According to SCO, the press release was "based on [SCO's] findings of illegal inclusions of SCO UNIX intellectual property in Linux". (Reply Ex. 12.)
  • SCO issued a press release in July 2003 announcing that it had registered copyrights in UNIX code and that it "intend[ed] to use every means possible to protect the company's UNIX source code and to enforce its copyrights". (Reply Ex. 13.)
  • SCO issued a press release concerning the Red Hat case in August 2003 reaffirming its claims that "Linux includes source code that is a verbatim copy of UNIX and carries with it no warranty or indemnification." SCO further noted that its "claims are true and we look forward to proving them in court". (Reply Ex. 14.)
  • SCO sent an "open letter" in September 2003 claiming it "filed a lawsuit against IBM alleging that SCO's proprietary UNIX code has been illegally copied into the free Linux operating system". (Reply Ex. 15.)
  • SCO sent letters in December 2003 directed at all "Linux User[s]" asserting that "the use of the Linux operating system in a commercial setting violates our rights under the United States Copyright Act". (Reply Ex. 13.)
  • SCO sent letters in December 2003 to every member of Congress claiming that "Linux software contains significant UNIX software code that has been inappropriately, and without authorization, placed in Linux", and enclosing its "Open Letter" to the community asserting the "widespread presence of our copyrighted UNIX code in Linux". (Reply Ex. 16.)
  • SCO commenced a lawsuit in March 2004, The SCO Group, Inc. v. Autozone, Inc., CV-S-0237 (D. Nev.), which SCO claims is focused directly on "the issues of whether the use and reproduction of Linux infringes SCO's copyrights". (Ex. 16 at 4.)
In fact, the entire "SCOSource" division of the company is predicated on the allegation that Linux infringes SCO's alleged copyrights. The only product SCOSource sells is a license that "gives end users the right to use the SCO intellectual property contained in Linux". (Reply Ex. 17.) SCO's feigned ignorance, therefore, of its broad public claims that the use of Linux infringes SCO's purported copyrights is disingenuous.

Third, SCO's related claim that it "has not been given a reasonable opportunity to complete any of the kinds of comparisons necessary to uncover facts relevant to SCO's opposition to IBM's motion for summary judgment" (Harrop Decl, ¶ 67) and that it could take SCO "25,000 man-years" (Sontag Decl. ¶ 14) to complete its analysis is also contradicted by its public statements and internal documents concerning the analyses SCO has already performed. For the purposes of opposing this motion, SCO pretends as if it has only recently begun to analyze whether Linux infringes its purported UNIX copyrights. In public, however, SCO has been touting for more than a year now that it has already had "teams" of "outside consultants" review Linux, and that SCO has "substantial" evidence of copyright infringement. For example:

  • SCO's Senior Vice President Chris Sontag said in April 2003: "We are using objective third parties to do comparisons of our UNIX System V source code and Red Hat [Linux] as an example. We are coming across many instances where our proprietary software has simply been copied and pasted or changed in order to hide the origin of our System V code in Red Hat. This is the kind of thing that we will need to address with many Linux distribution companies at some point." (Reply Ex. 18.)
  • SCO's spokesman Blake Stowell said in May 2003: "We had hired some outside consultants to compare code from the Linux kernel to our Unix system 5 source code, which is the base Unix source code that is used for a lot of different products. In doing the comparison, there were instances where they found line-by-line copies -- direct copy and pasting of code -- and other instances where the code had been obfuscated. [It was] changed to look like it was different, but in reality it was the same code." (Reply Ex. 19.)
  • Stowell further commented in May 2003: "SCO, over the last several weeks, has had three different teams of people from outside of SCO going through various distributions of Linux and comparing the code to our Unix system 5 code. What they're finding is, there are several chunks of code from our Unix system 5 source code in Linux." (Reply Ex. 20.)
  • A SCO spokesman said in June 2003 that SCO had hired three teams of experts, including a group from the MIT math department, to analyze Linux and UNIX code for similarities. "All three found several instances where our Unix source code had been found in Linux," the spokesman said. (Reply Ex. 5.)
  • SCO's CEO Darl McBride said in November 2003: "Along the way, over the last several months, once we had the copyright issue resolved where fully we had clarity around the copyright ownership on Unix and System V source code, we've gone in, we've done a deep dive into Linux, we've compared the source code of Linux with Unix every which way but Tuesday. We've come out with a number of violations that relate to those copyrights." (Reply Ex. 6.)
  • Chris Sontag further stated in November 2003 that "There are other literal copyright infringements that we have not publicly provided, we'll save those for court." (Reply Ex. 21.)
  • More recently, SCO represented to the Red Hat court in June 2004 that: "SCO has discovered significant instances of line-for-line and 'substantially similar' copying of code from Unix System V into Linux." (Reply Ex. 10.)
  • Given SCO's extensive public statements that it has, as SCO's CEO put it in November 2003, "done a deep dive into Linux" and "compared the source code of Linux with Unix every which way but Tuesday", (Reply Ex. 6) SCO's present assertion in opposition to IBM's motion that SCO has not had sufficient time to perform the requisite analyses of Linux and the UNIX code it claims to have copyrighted, and that such analyses could take 25,000 man-years, obviously rings hollow. It appears that SCO's litigation strategy now is simply to seek delay for delay's sake. SCO, by its own admission, has already performed the analyses it needed, but has not come forward with any evidence that would a create genuine issue of material fact as to copyright infringement in this case. In this situation, summary judgment is appropriate; SCO should not be given additional time to perform analyses it admits it has already performed and have apparently (despite SCO's public claims) turned up nothing.
  •  
  • REDACTED
  •  

REDACTED

As reviewed here, SCO appears willing to adopt, in court and in the media, whatever position is most expedient under the circumstances, without regard either to consistency or the truth. SCO has spun, and continues to spin, a tangled web of inconsistencies to avoid resolution of the claims it has made against IBM's and others' use of the Linux kernel. SCO's opposition to IBM's motion is just more of the same gamesmanship -- intended solely to procure further delay so that SCO might profit from the fear, uncertainty and doubt that it has fostered regarding Linux.

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, partial summary judgment should be entered against SCO on IBM's claim for a declaration of non-infringment with respect to IBM's Linux activities.


DATED this 23rd day of August, 2004.


SNELL & WILMER L.L.P.
______[signature]______
Alan L. Sullivan
Todd M. Shaugnessy
Amy F. Sorenson

CRAVATH, SWAINE & MOORE LLP
Evan R. Chesler
David R. Marriott

Attorneys for Defendant/Counterclaim-Plaintiff
International Business Machines Corporation


Of counsel:

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION
Donald J. Rosenberg
Alec S. Berman
[address, phone]

Attorneys for Defendant/Counterclaim-Plaintiff
International Business Machines Corporation


1 Exhibits attached to the May 18, 2004 Declaration of Todd M. Shaughnessy are cited herein as "Ex.__". Exhibits attached to the August 23, 2004 Reply Declaration of Todd M. Shaughnessy are cited herein as "Reply Ex.__".

2 As discussed below (at 11-12), SCO improperly submitted its own counter statement of facts in opposition to IBM's motion, rather than detailing why, and based on what evidence, it disputed any of IBM's statements of fact. SCO's counter statement of facts -- indeed, its entire opposition brief -- includes a significant amount of purported "facts" and argument addressed to SCO's (misguided) interpretation of IBM's and Sequent's UNIX System V license agreements, all of which are not relevant here. (See e.g., SCO Opp. at 14-17, 88-90.) IBM disputes SCO's interpretation of the contracts, but will not undertake to refute SCO's allegations in the context of this motion, which concerns IBM's Tenth Counterclaim.

3 The term "Linux" is susceptible to multiple meanings and can be used in different ways. For purposes of its Tenth Counterclaim and this motion, IBM uses the term in its generally understood sense to refer to the core Linux code that is available at http://www.linux.org and is commonly known as the Linux kernel.

4 SCO's public statements to this effect and threats of litigation regarding Linux are too numerous to be catalogued. A number of examples are reviewed below in Section IV.

5 See also Lefler v. United Healthcare of Utah, Inc., 162 F. Supp. 2d 1310, 1315 (D. Utah 2001) ("In a case where a party moves for summary judgment on an issue on which he would not bear the burden of persuasion of trial, his initial burden of production may be satisfied by showing the court there is an absence of evidence in the record to support the nonmovant's case.... Once the moving party has met this initial burden of production, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to designate 'specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial'".) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)).

6 See, e.g., 12 Moore's Federal Practice § 57.62[2][d] (3d ed. 1997) ("In patent, copyright, and trademark cases, courts have generally recognized that any role reversal occasioned by declaratory relief should not shift the burden of proof from the manner in which it would be assigned in a coercive infringement suit. In general, the holder bears the burden of proving the validity of the patent, copyright, or trademark and that some specific activity or product is infringing or would infringe. If the burden of proof is shifted in these declaratory relief actions, the alleged infringer would be forced to prove a negative, that no conceivable activity could infringe on any of the holder's rights. Rather, when declaratory relief actions are prompted by a specific threat made by the holder, the holder is simply put to its proof.")

7 SCO attempts to distinguish the Interactive Network and Larami cases on the grounds that the holdings in these cases are limited to instances where the defendant brings a "mirror-image" counterclaim for infringement. (SCO Opp. at 58 n.35). There is nothing in either Interactive Network or Larami (or the other cases cited by IBM in its opening or reply briefs) to suggest that their holdings are so limited. The case cited by SCO, Reliance Life Ins. Co. v. Burgess, 112 F.2d 234 (8th Cir. 1940), also does not support SCO's argument. In American Eagle Ins. Co. v. Thompson, 85 F.3d 327, 331 (8th Cir. 1996), decided after Reliance, the Eighth Circuit held that the defendant in a declaratory judgment action brought by his insurer had the burden of proving he was covered under his insurance policy, even though defendant did not assert a counterclaim against the insurer. The American Eagle court explicitly distinguished Reliance on the ground that the plaintiff insurer in that case sought "to apply a policy exclusion" to the contract at issue and not merely "a declaration of non-liability", and thus retained the burden of proof. Id.

8 The only other cases cited by SCO are also unavailing. In Wuv's Int'l, Inc. v. Love's Enters., Inc., 208 U.S.P.Q. 736, 757 (D. Colo. 1980), the plaintiff Wuv's International sought an affirmative declaration that "it had the right to the use and registration of the mark 'WUVS'", not a declaration of a non-infringement. The court in that case ruled that declaratory judgment plaintiff carried the burden of establishing its own service mark was protectable and could be registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, but that defendant nevertheless carried the burden of establishing that plaintiff infringed its "Love's" service mark. Id. at 747, 756-757. In the opinion in Ericsson, Inc. v. Harris Corp., No. Civ. A. 3:98CV2903, 1999 WL 604827 (N.D. Tex. Aug. 11, 1999), cited by SCO, the court declined to realign the parties in the case because it believed the declaratory judgment plaintiff to have the burden of proof. This opinion, however, was subsequently vacated, based on defendant's motion for reconsideration, which argued inter alia that the defendant "ha[d] the burden of proof" as to the assertions of infringement. (See Reply Exs. 1 (Minute Order) & 2 (Motion for Reconsideration). Moreover, the lone case cited in the original Ericsson opinion, Litton Sys, Inc. v. VHC, Inc., No. Civ. A 398 CV 0357, 1998 WL 386164 (N.D. Tex. July 8, 1998) (Ex. E), made a plain distinction between claims seeking affirmative declarations and claims seeking negative declarations. The Litton court noted, "In a scenario where [plaintiff] only sought a declaration in the negative (i.e., it did not breach the lease), [defendant] would likely be the only party with an affirmative burden of proof. This is not the situation in this lawsuit, however, because [plaintiff] has asserted (and has the burden of proving) the validity of the new sublease." Id. at *1 n.3.

9 See also Intellicall, Inc. v. Phonometrics, Inc., 952 F.2d 1384, 1389 (Fed. Cir. 1992) (affirming grant of summary judgment on claim for declaration of non-infringement where defendant produced no evidence of infringement in opposition to motion); Johnston v. IVAC Corp., 885 F.2d 1574, 1577 (Fed. Cir. 1989) (same); Ontario Die Co. of America v. Independent Die Assoc., Inc., No. 89-CV-30035, 1990 WL 300899 (E.D. Mich. Aug. 24, 1990), at *2 ("Once a party seeking a declaration of noninfringement sets forth materials suggesting non-response to a patentee's claim, the burden shifts to the patentee to provide materials that at a minimum raise actual doubt concerning potential infringement.") (Ex. E); Glenayre Elec., Inc. v. Jackson, No. 02 CV 0256, 2003 WL 366574 at *2 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 19, 2003) ("'[T]he motion of an accused infringer for judgment on the ground of non-infringement of a patent may be granted where the patentee's proof is deficient in meeting an essential part of the legal standard for infringement'") (quoting Johnston, 885 F.2d at 1577) (Ex. E).

10 Some of SCO's purported "facts" do not cite to any evidence in the record or contain legal argument and not facts at all. (See SCO's Facts ¶¶ 19, 19 n.10; 20; 23; 24; 25 n.11; 29; 30; 31; 32; 37; 40; 54.)

11 The following paragraphs of SCO's counter statement of facts are improper because they rely on improper opinion testimony or hearsay: ¶¶ 1 n.3, 3, 8, 10, 10 n.5, 11, 12-14, 40, 44 and 47.

12 SCO further misstates Tenth Circuit law by asserting that IBM must show "bad faith noncompliance" with a discovery order in order to seek dismissal under Rule 37. (Opp. Br. at 50 (emphasis added).) As even the cases cited by SCO make plain, dismissal is appropriate "when a party has willfully or in bad faith disobeyed a discovery order". Gocolay v. New Mexico Fed. Sav. & Loan Assoc., 968 F.2d 1017, 1020 (10th Cir. 1992) (emphasis added). "A 'willful failure' is 'any intentional failure as distinguished from involuntary noncompliance. No wrongful intent need be shown.'" Id. (quoting In re Standard Metals Corp., 817 F.2d 625, 628-29 (10th Cir. 1987)); see also Toma v. City of Weatherford, 846 F.2d 58, 60 (10th Cir. 1988). Even if IBM were seeking dismissal of SCO's complaint therefore (which it is not), IBM would need only show an intentional failure to comply. In this case, there is no question that SCO intentionally failed to comply with the Court's orders. For example, when IBM called to SCO's attention that it had failed to comply with the Court's order because it did not identify any lines of UNIX System V code at issue, SCO responded offhandedly that it knowingly (not inadvertently) failed to identify such lines because "that is not part of SCO's claims". (Ex. 29.)

13 All of the cases cited by SCO applying the Ehrenraus factors are cases in which either the defendant sought dismissal of plaintiff's entire complaint or plaintiff sought default judgment on its entire complaint as a result of discovery failings, and are therefore inapposite. See Gocolay, 968 F.2d 1017; Toma, 846 F.2d 58; Rueb v. Morales, No. 02-1267, 91 Fed. Appx. 95, 2004 WL 206310 (10th Cir. Feb. 4, 2004); Baker v. IBP. Inc., No. 02-4067, 2002 U.S. Dist LEXIS 23869 (D. Kan. Dec. 5, 2002); Resolution Trust Corp. v. Williams, 162 F.R.D. 654 (D. Kan. 1995); Quinn v. Kansas City, 64 F. Supp. 2d 1084 (D. Kan. 1999); Zhou v. Pittsburg State Univ., No. 01-2493, 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1355 (D. Kan. Jan. 29, 2003); Hite v. PQ Corp., Nos. 98-2088 & 98-2175, 1998 U.S. Dist LEXIS 19933 (D. Kan. Dec. 10, 1998); Biocore Med. Techs., Inc. v. Khosrowshahi, No. 98-2031, 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20512 (D. Kan. Nov. 6, 1998); Cuenca v. Univ. of Kan., No. 98-4180, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9942 (D. Kan. May 14, 2001). Rueb is further inapposite because dismissal in that case was sought not based on Rule 37, but because of pro se plaintiff's failure to pay certain filing fees to the court. Quinn is further inapposite because dismissal in that case was sought under Rule 11.

14 IBM did not, and could not have, relied upon Rule 37(c)(1) in its opening brief because SCO had not yet come forward with any alleged evidence that it had previously failed to provide in response to IBM's discovery requests.

15 Rule 26(e)(2), in turn, requires a party "seasonably to amend a prior response to an interrogatory ... if the party learns that the response is in some material respect incomplete or incorrect and if the additional or corrective information has not otherwise been made known to the other parties during the discovery process or in writing."

16 The Tenth Circuit has suggested several additional factors to consider in deciding whether to exclude evidence at trial based on Rule 37(c)(1), including (1) the prejudice or surprise to the party against whom the testimony is offered; (2) the ability of the party to cure the prejudice; (3) the extent to which introducing such testimony would disrupt the trial; and (4) the moving party's bad faith or willfulness. Woodworker's Supply, Inc. v. Principal Mutual Life Ins. Co., 170 F.3d 985, 993 (10th Cir. 1999). Here again, SCO makes no attempt to suggest that any of these factors counsel in favor of not excluding the Gupta Declaration.

17 See, e.g., Salguero v. City of Clovis, 366 F.3d 1168, 1177-78 & n.4 (10th Cir. 2004) (affirming grant of summary judgment and noting that because affidavit failed to "demonstrate any personal knowledge or corroborating evidence", it was "insufficient to create a genuine question of material fact"); Hydro Eng'g v. Landa, Inc., 231 F. Supp. 2d 1130, 1133 (D. Utah 2002) (striking portions of witness affidavit because witness had no personal knowledge); Ralston v. Smith & Nephew Richards, Inc., 275 F.3d 965, 969 (10th Cir. 2001) (affirming district court's ruling striking expert testimony where the expert was not qualified to offer such testimony); Meyerhoff v. Michelin Tire Corp., 70 F.3d 1175, 1182 (10th Cir. 1995) (same).

18 As discussed in IBM's motion to strike, Mr. Gupta does not even describe the methodology by which he arrives at his opinion that certain groupings of code in Linux is substantially similar to code in the UNIX software at issue, reason alone to ignore Mr. Gupta's conclusions. See Hollander v. Sandoz Pharm. Corp., 289 F.3d 1193, 1208 (10th Cir. 2002) (affirming grant of summary judgment and court's ruling striking expert testimony where the expert "provide[d] no details on the methodology" of his studies).

19 See Gates Rubber, 9 F.3d at 836-37 (noting that "the main purpose or function of a program will always be an unprotectable idea" and that "the expression adopted by the programmer is the copyrightable element in a computer program, and ... the actual processes or methods embodied in the program are not within the scope of the copyright law") (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 1476, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. 57 (1976)); 17 U.S.C. § 102(b) ("In no case does copyright protection for an original work of authorship extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, [or] method of operation ... regardless of the form in which it is described, explained, illustrated, or embodied in such work.")

20 Under the federal copyright law, for works first published prior to March 1, 1989 (the effective date of the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988), the publication of the work without a copyright notice places the work in the public domain and precludes the copyright holder from asserting any claim for copyright infringement based on that work. See, e.g., Norma Ribbon & Trimming, Inc. v. Little, 51 F.3d 45, 48 (5th Cir. 1995) (holding that "even if it be assumed that the ribbon flowers were copyrightable, the Littles through inadequate notice have made them part of the public domain, and Norma Ribbon was free to copy them"); Lifshitz v. Walter Drake & Sons, Inc., 806 F.2d 1426, 1433-35 (9th Cir. 1986) (holding that copyright holder's "omission of proper copyright notice invalidated his copyright"); Penguin Books U.S.A., Inc. v. New Christian Church of Full Endeavor, Ltd., 288 F. Supp. 2d 544, 555-58 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) (holding that copyrighted work entered public domain where it was "published without notice of copyright prior to copyright registration"). In this case, the IPC code identified by Mr. Gupta was published and distributed prior to 1989 -- by AT&T, SCO's alleged predecessor-in-interest -- without any copyright notices affixed thereto. (See Kernighan Decl. ¶ 22; Reply Exs. 3 & 4 (showing release of UNIX System V 2.0 in 1984 and UNIX System V 3.2 in 1987).) Accordingly, the IPC code was placed in the public domain and cannot serve as the basis for any finding of substantial similarity.

21 See also Autoskill Inc. v. Nat'l Educ. Support Sys., Inc., 994 F. 2d 1476, 1494-1496 (10th Cir. 1993) (affirming decision rejecting copyright infringement where the "silent sentence" and "silent paragraph" features in reading instruction software were "so standard to the field [of reading instruction] that they cannot be afforded protection"); Bucklew v. Hawkins, Ash, Baptie & Co., LLP, 329 F.3d 923, 930 (7th Cir. 2003) (holding that titling captions in spreadsheet program such as "input range" and "criteria range"; designation of specific criteria as "crit1" and "crit2", and designation of each category of data as a "type" were "standard expressions, like language itself, without which the would-be author ... would be speechless"); Harbor Software, Inc. v. Applied Svs., Inc., 925 F. Supp. 1042, 1051 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) (holding that the subject work was unprotectable because "these elements are ... contained in computer programming books and therefore constitute standard techniques found in every database program").

22 See Jean v. Bug Music, Inc., No. 00 Civ. 4022, 2002 WL 287786, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 27, 2002) (granting summary judgment on plaintiff's claim for declaration of noninfringement because no reasonable jury could find substantial similarity as to protected elements of the work); Scholastic, Inc. v. Stouffer, 221 F. Supp. 2d 425, 438 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) (granting summary judgment on plaintiff's claim for declaration of noninfringement because "protectable elements [of the copyrighted work] ... are simply not present" in the accused work).

23 IBM understands that the issue of SCO's ownership of certain UNIX copyrights is also at issue in SCO's lawsuit against Novell pending before this Court. IBM, as it must, addresses here only the evidence SCO has put forward in this case.

24 See also Sem-Torq, Inc. v. K Mart Corp., 936 F.2d 851, 854 (6th Cir. 1991); Shea v. Fantasy Inc., No. C 02-02644, 2003 WL 881006, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 27, 2003) (Ex. E); Gallup, Inc. v. Talentpoint, Inc., No. Civ. A. 00-5523, 2001 WL 1450592, at *8 (E.D. Pa. Nov. 13, 2001) (Ex. E); Thimbleberries, Inc. v. C & F Enterprises, Inc., 142 F. Supp. 2d 1132, 1137 (D. Minn. 2001); Bridge Publ'ns, Inc. v. F.A.C.T.Net, Inc., 183 F.R.D. 254, 259 (D. Colo. 1998).

25 Absent the presumption of ownership, SCO is therefore required to establish that it received an effective transfer of rights from the original author of the work, see Autoskill, 994 F.2d at 1489. SCO could, of course, show it is the owner of the copyright by proving that it is the party "who actually create[d] the work" by "translat[ing] an idea into a fixed, tangible expression entitled to copyright protection" or that it was an employer for whom the work was prepared (as a work-for-hire), but SCO has not advanced, and does not appear to have a valid basis for advancing, either claim. See Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, 490 U.S. 730, 736-37 (1989); 17 U.S.C. § 201.

26 See, e.g., Committee For The First Amendment v. Campbell, 962 F.2d 1517 (10th Cir. 1992) (affirming grant of summary judgment and denial of Rule 56(f) application although plaintiffs were still engaged in discovery); Price v. Western Resources, Inc., 232 F.3d 779 (10th Cir. 2000) (affirming grant of summary judgment because "sufficient discovery" had been conducted, notwithstanding plaintiff's claim to require "full discovery") (emphasis added), SCO misstates entirely the posture of Radich v. Goode, 886 F.2d 1391 (3d Cir. 1989). In that case, the Third Circuit affirmed the district court's grant of summary judgment prior to the close of discovery. Id. at 1396.

27 Cf. Genentech, Inc. v. Ameen, Inc., 289 F.3d 761, 773 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (denying patent holder's Rule 56(f) motion to obtain "laboratory notebooks, internal company memoranda, meeting minutes, test data, and notes relating to the specific components of Amgen's [accused] plasmid" where "[a] sequence comparison of the relevant RBSs, which already are available to Genentech, is sufficient to determine" infringement); Moore U.S.A., Inc. v. Standard Register Co., 229 F.3d 1091, 1116 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (affirming denial of Rule 56(f) motion where the allegedly infringing materials "were publicly available").

28 None of the cases cited by SCO (at 76 n. 41) support its contention that taking extensive deposition testimony is "the most reasonable means of discovering facts" supporting its allegations of infringement, as opposed to simply comparing the code itself. Although each of the cases relied upon by SCO cite to deposition testimony, they do not even come close to suggesting that depositions are the preferred method of discovery in infringement cases or are necessary to a determination of substantial similarity. To the contrary, in Williams v. Arndt, 626 F. Supp. 571 (D. Mass 1985), the court specifically noted that "[t]he most graphic evidence of substantial similarity was the comparison of the [allegedly infringed work] FTM with both programs [the defendant] had offered, Floor Trader and Trend Counter Trend" and accordingly found infringement based on that comparison. Likewise, the court in Midway Mfg. Co. v. Bandai-America, Inc., 546 F. Supp. 125, 134 (D.N.J. 1982), stated that the "determination [of substantial similarity] rests largely on the works themselves" and granted summary judgment on one of plaintiff's infringement claims after having "compared the two works ad nauseam". Moreover, the case that SCO claims is "analogous" to this situation (SCO Opp. at 67), Sanders v. Ouikstak, Inc., 889 F. Supp. 128 (S.D.N.Y. 1995), is far from it. In Sanders, plaintiff brought a personal injury claim alleging that defendant's "palletizing" machine was defective, which resulted in plaintiff sustaining injuries to his left elbow. The court denied surnmary judgment, finding that plaintiff should be allowed to take additional discovery beyond inspection of the allegedly defective hydraulic unit, including depositions of the unit's manufacturer and examination of the manufacturer's schematics and manuals, because such discovery might "reveal potential design flaws, manufacturing imperfections, or operating dangers that are not apparent from a visual inspection of even upon trial runs of the machinery". Id. at 132. SCO's reliance on Sanders to suggest that depositions are essential to a determination of substantial similarity is misplaced. The substantial similarity of two works, unlike latent design defects, is susceptible to determination upon inspection of the works themselves.

29 The source code for the Linux kernel is publicly available on the Internet, and SCO itself was founded as a company dedicated to selling products and services based on the Linux kernel. SCO also plainly has long had copies of the allegedly copyrighted works, presumably as a consequence of its acquisition of certain UNIX assets from The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc. in 2001. In fact, SCO provided copies of what purport to be the alleged copyrighted works to IBM in this litigation.

30 SCO has claimed publicly that its experts have "found already a mountain of code" and a "truckload of code". (Exs. 20 & 25.)

31 SCO tries in its opposition papers to have its cake and eat it too. SCO appears in fact to have incorporated the conclusions of its experts into its opposition papers (e.g., via Mr. Gupta's declaration), while refusing to disclose any of its experts' work to IBM.

32 In Madrid v. Chronicle Books, 209 F. Supp. 2d 1227 (D. Wyo. 2002), the court in fact granted summary judgment prior to the submission of expert reports. Although the court in Madrid commented that cases involving "technical computer programs" might require "a larger arsenal of facts", including expert reports, in order to assess substantial similarity, the court did not hold, or even imply, that summary judgment was not appropriate simply because a plaintiff had not yet submitted an expert report. Id. at 1233. Huthwaite, Inc. v. Sunrise Assisted Living. Inc., 261 F. Supp. 2d 502 (E.D. Va. 2003), can also be distinguished from this case. In Huthwaite, although the court suggested in dicta that defendant's motion for summary judgment was premature because the parties had not yet submitted expert reports, the court denied the motion because it concluded that plaintiff had "provided sufficient evidence of substantial similarity" that "create[d] a triable issue of fact on that question". Id. at 511. Here, unlike in Huthwaite, SCO has presented no facts that would permit a jury to conclude that the Linux kernel and the UNIX software at issue are substantially similar. Moreover, in Sturdza v. United Arab Emirates, 281 F.3d 1287 (D.C. Cir. 2002), in the sentence immediately after the sentence quoted by SCO (SCO Opp. at 63), the court noted that, "[o]f course, summary judgment for a copyright defendant remains appropriate if the works are so dissimilar as to protectible elements that no reasonable jury could find for the plaintiff on the question of substantial similarity."

33 SCO's additional suggestion it should be granted Rule 56(f) relief because it "has not yet retained a testifying expert on copyright issues" (SCO Opp. at 85) is beside the point. As discussed above, SCO has been touting for months that it has had teams of experts analyzing the Linux and UNIX code at issue. In fact, SCO has already admitted that, to the extent SCO has responded to IBM's interrogatories, SCO's responses are based on the work of experts. (See, e.g. Reply Ex. 7 at 53:23-54:3; 58:9-14; 111:20-112:25.) Even SCO's opposition to this motion relies on SCO's experts. (See Sontag Decl. ¶ 12 ("SCO and its experts have used automated tools to locate lines of identical code, and they have visually analyzed the larger blocks of code in which those lines appear"), ¶ 21 ("SCO and its experts have used computer programs to identify the extent of similarity between lines of source code in any two given files".) The only sense, therefore, in which SCO has not yet retained a testifying "expert" is that it has not yet asked one of its apparently many experts to submit a declaration. That is not sufficient justification to grant SCO relief under Rule 56(f).

34 The cases cited by SCO (at 71) are not to the contrary. See Brightway Adolescent Hosp. v. Health Plan of Nevada, Inc., No. Civ. 2:98CV0729, 2000 WL 33710845, at *2-*3 (D. Utah Sept. 20, 2000) (noting that "Rule 56(f) may not be invoked by the mere assertion that discovery is incomplete or that specific facts necessary to oppose summary judgment are unavailable" and granting Rule 56(f) relief because plaintiffs "adequately identified the needed discovery and adequately shown that the information would be material to Plaintiffs' case in chief and in preparing their opposition to the pending dispostive motions") (emphasis added); Holt v. Wesley Med. Ctr., No. 00-1318, 2002 WL 31778785, at *1 (D. Kan. Nov. 25, 2002) (granting Rule 56(f) application because plaintiffs had made showing that the discovery sought "is essential for Plaintiffs' response") (emphasis added).

35 As Dr. Davis puts it in his declaration: "To suggest otherwise leads to the absurd notion that one work can be considered similar to another even if the two are currently completely different, if only one can show a (perhaps very long) sequence of small changes that lead from one to the other. This would be like playing the game of 'telephone', in which a sentence is successively whispered from one person to the next in a long line, and claiming that, even though the sentence that emerged was totally different from the one that started the process, they were "substantially similar" because the last was the result of many small changes to the first. Similarity means just that -- similarity. And that judgment is made on the code as it is, independent of how it got that way." (Davis Decl. ¶ 34.) See generally Castle Rock Entm't, Inc. v. Carol Publ'g Group, Inc., 150 F.3d 132, 143 n.9 (2d Cir. 1998) ("[I]f the secondary work sufficiently transforms the expression of the original work such that the two works cease to be substantially similar, then the secondary work is not a derivative work and, for that matter, does not infringe the copyright of the original work."); Bucklew, 329 F.3d at 930 ("In some cases, however, though derivative in a literal sense, [a work] is so utterly transformed as to bear no traces of the original; and then there is no infringement.").

36 The identity of a particular contributor and how his or her contribution was made may be relevant to issues like the defense of independent creation. But such questions are not at issue on this motion.

37 In response to SCO's "Renewed" Motion to Compel, IBM stated that it had already produced more than 40 millions of AIX and Dynix code to SCO. In fact, IBM has produced hundreds of millions of lines of code.

38 Among the items Magistrate Judge Wells directed IBM to provide was information that IBM had voluntarily offered to provide to SCO prior to SCO's initial motion to compel: certain specified releases of AIX and Dynix and contact information for a limited number of the more than 7,200 individuals identified in response to SCO's interrogatories.

39 See, e.g., Morrison Flying Serv. v. Deming Nat'l Bank, 340 F.3d 430, 432-33 (10th Cir. 1965) (reversing grant of summary judgment because evidence sought by plaintiff in motion to compel "may be very material to the final disposition of the litigation"); Vining v. Runyon, 99 F.3d 1056, 1058 (11th Cir. 1996) (vacating grant of summary judgment because employment files sought by pro se plaintiff in motion to compel had been determined by district court to be "important for purposes of comparison to [plaintiffs] case"); Snook v. Trust Co. of Georgia Bank of Savannah, N.A., 859 F.2d 865, 871 (11th Cir. 1988) (reversing grant of summary judgment when discovery sought by motion to compel "was clearly relevant to the pending motion for summary judgment"); Fernandez v. Bankers Nat'l Life Ins. Co., 906 F.2d 559 (11th Cir. 1990) (reversing grant of summary judgment because the documents sought in motion to compel "appear to be relevant, discoverable and necessary to provide an adequate record in this case"); G.I. Holdings, Inc, v. Baron & Budd, 213 F.R.D. 146,148 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) (granting in part motion to compel discovery before ruling on summary judgment motion, but denying plaintiff's motion to the extent it sought to conduct "a fishing expedition"); Sames v. Gable, 732 F.2d 49 (3d Cir. 1984) (denying summary judgment when "pertinent discovery requests were outstanding) (emphasis added). The additional case cited by SCO, Lux v. Cox, 32 F. Supp. 2d 92, 102 (W.D.N.Y. 1998), is not on point. In that case, the court denied a motion for summary judgment because the affidavits and deposition testimony in the record established a genuine issue of material fact.

40 SCO's "renewed" motion to compel seeks only three categories of information: (1) additional materials related to IBM's AIX and Dynix products (2) additional documents from IBM's "top level management"; and (3) contact information for certain individuals. None of this information is in any way necessary for SCO to respond to IBM's motion; it has nothing to do with whether Linux is substantially similar to SCO's alleged copyrighted UNIX works.

41 SCO similarly asserts that "SCO has not alleged any copyright violation based on IBM's contributions to Linux and has brought only a single, limited copyright claim against IBM that is expressly based on IBM's use and distribution of AIX and Dynix after the termination of its licenses." (SCO Opp. at 21 ¶ 35.)

42 The "other" rights to which SCO refers plainly include its alleged copyright rights.


CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

I hereby certify that on the 23rd day of August, 2004, a true and correct copy of the foregoing was and was sent by U.S. Mail, postage prepaid, to the following:

Brent O. Hatch
Mark F. James
HATCH, JAMES & DODGE, P.C.
[address]

Stephen N. Zack
Mark J. Heise
BOIES, SCHILLER & FLEXNER LLP
[address]

Robert Silver
BOIES, SCHILLER & FLEXNER LLP
[address]

______[signature]______
Amy F. Sorenson



  


IBM'S REPLY MEMO IN FURTHER SUPPORT OF CROSS-MOTION FOR PSJ ON CLAIM FOR DJ OF NON-INFRINGEMENT - as text | 379 comments | Create New Account
Comments belong to whoever posts them. Please notify us of inappropriate comments.
Errors here please!
Authored by: WhiteFang on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 04:56 PM EDT
So PJ can fix 'em!

[ Reply to This | # ]

OT Links and Such
Authored by: WhiteFang on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 04:57 PM EDT
For the rest of us!

[ Reply to This | # ]

AstroTrollers here please
Authored by: DannyB on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 04:57 PM EDT


---
The price of freedom is eternal litigation.

[ Reply to This | # ]

Trollish Post here
Authored by: WhiteFang on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 04:58 PM EDT
Don't all post at once, ya hear!

[ Reply to This | # ]

Is it true that lying is a "bad thing"?
Authored by: Anonymous on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 05:17 PM EDT
I continue to be astonished by the obvious-to-the-most-casual-observer
contradictions in, e.g., many of Sontag's statements -- expecially in various
court venues.

Regardless of all the legal wrangling, is it a fair assumption that at some
point in the future, Sontag will be confronted with these contradictions in a
court of law and, in one case or the other, "pay" for his lies?

heck, Martha Stewart's doing time for lying ... obviouslym NOT a "good
thing"!

[ Reply to This | # ]

ev1 should sue SCO for fraud
Authored by: kawabago on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 05:21 PM EDT
On the basis that SCO cannot show a valid section 204 writing transfering the
copyrights to it, SCO defrauded ev1 of the money for the SCOsource license on IP
that SCO does not own.
They should be able to win it on summary judgement too!

[ Reply to This | # ]

IBM'S REPLY MEMO IN FURTHER SUPPORT OF CROSS-MOTION FOR PSJ ON CLAIM FOR DJ OF NON-INFRINGEMENT
Authored by: blacklight on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 05:21 PM EDT
What's going on? Judge Kimball gives everybody six extra months and the next
thing we know is that we are drenched in legal pleadings from all sides!

I have a feeling that the six month delay is definitely working against SCOG,
because it is giving IBM an extra six months to resolve a slew of issues before
the date of the official trial.

[ Reply to This | # ]

So IBM is taking on the "derivative" notion
Authored by: timmy on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 05:38 PM EDT
Did anyone else notice that IBM thoroughly trashes the SCO theory on derivative works? IBM seems to have pretty well established case law that requires the comparison to be between the two programs, not the history of their production, what some programmer may have seen in a previous job, the phase of the moon, ...
This kills the entire SCO case.

[ Reply to This | # ]

A simple question.
Authored by: Anonymous on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 05:38 PM EDT
Although SCO has been publicly claiming that IBM has violated their copyright
both in the press and on their web site has it actually charged IBM with that in
court.

If not can IBM ask the court to decide on something that is not present in the
current lawsuit.

Thanks in advance to all the law geeks.

[ Reply to This | # ]

IBM'S REPLY MEMO IN FURTHER SUPPORT OF CROSS-MOTION FOR PSJ ON CLAIM FOR DJ OF NON-INFRINGEMENT
Authored by: lifewish on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 05:47 PM EDT
Wow, good work. That's a scarily long document.

---

------------------
"Diplomacy: the art of saying 'Nice doggy' until you can find a stick" - Wynn
Catlin

[ Reply to This | # ]

favorite quote --
Authored by: Anonymous on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 05:48 PM EDT
Chris Sontag further stated in November 2003 that "There are other literal
copyright infringements that we have not publicly provided, we'll save those for
court."


Oohhh, we dint' meant *this* court!

[ Reply to This | # ]

Copyrights? We don' need no stinkin' copyrights.
Authored by: rand on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 05:56 PM EDT
Let us not forget SCO's own words in their own Second Amended Complaint. (I've included SCO's references to "proprietary" here, since SCO has denounced both patent and trade-secret claims, which pretty much only leaves copyrights.)
This case is, and is only, about the right os SCO not to have its proprietary software misappropriated and misused in violation of its written agreements and well-settled law.
There follows umpteen references to copyrights and proprietary rights, including (but not exhaustivly) Paragraphs 2, 6, 18, 21, 47, 48, 58, 79, 90, 91, 92, 97, ad 110.

Then we get to the actual causes of action: First Cause, pp 116 and 118; Third Cause, pp 149, 150, 151, and 153; the entire Fifth Cause (Copyright Infringement); Eighth Cause, pp 198, 199, and 205.

Example:

151. This publication of the RCU copyright is an example of IBM’s blatant disregard of SCO’s rights to control the use of the Software Product, including derivative works and modifications thereof, pursuant to §2.05 of the Sequent Software Agreement.

---
Eat a toad for breakfast -- it makes the rest of the day seem so much easier (Chinese (I'm told) proverb) (IANAL and so forth and so on)

[ Reply to This | # ]

IBM'S REPLY MEMO IN FURTHER SUPPORT OF CROSS-MOTION FOR PSJ ON CLAIM FOR DJ OF NON-INFRINGEMENT
Authored by: Steve Martin on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 06:05 PM EDT

Mr. Gupta's analysis of the "IPC code" is similarly deficient. As an initial matter, the tables in Mr. Gupta's declaration that purport to show similarity between code in the Linux kernel and code in the UNIX software are misleading. Mr. Gupta has selectively arranged, juxtaposed and edited the code to make it appear similar, when an inspection of the unaltered code reveals the code to be starkly different.

Oh, my... I'm at a bit of a loss (since IANAL) to characterize this (if true). Did Mr. Gupta attempt intentionally to mislead the Court by filing knowingly misleading material in a declaration? If so, was the declaration made "under penalty of perjury"? Does this constitute a criminal offense? Any lawyers out there care to comment? (Or am I making too much of this?)

---
"When I say something, I put my name next to it." -- Isaac Jaffee, "Sports Night"

[ Reply to This | # ]

Thanks for the reminder about how hilarious SCO are
Authored by: Anonymous on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 06:43 PM EDT
"During the period that SCO distributed Linux, SCO was unaware of the copyright violations." -- SCOSource IP License FAQ for Linux, May 2004 version

Here's the thing. This very sentence that you are reading right now, I own the copy rights on it. And do you know - I've just realised that thousands of you parasites are copying it, as you've just proved by reading this. Now that this has been brought to my attention, you can all send me $5 or prepare to be sued. I have to protect my valuable rights. It's the American Way.

[ Reply to This | # ]

see foonote 25
Authored by: Anonymous on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 06:45 PM EDT
I draw your attention to Footnote 25, which says "Absent the presumption of
ownership, SCO is therefore required to establish that it received an effective
transfer of rights from the original author of the work, see Autoskill, 994 F.2d
at 1489. SCO could, of course, show it is the owner of the copyright by proving
that it is the party "who actually create[d] the work" by
"translat[ing] an idea into a fixed, tangible expression entitled to
copyright protection" or that it was an employer for whom the work was
prepared (as a work-for-hire), but SCO has not advanced, and does not appear to
have a valid basis for advancing, either claim."

Is this the first time IBM brings it up?

[ Reply to This | # ]

IBM'S REPLY MEMO IN FURTHER SUPPORT OF CROSS-MOTION FOR PSJ ON CLAIM FOR DJ OF NON-INFRINGEMENT
Authored by: darkonc on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 06:57 PM EDT
as a result of SCO's discovery failures; indeed, IBM's instant motion does not seek summary judgment on a single one of SCO's claims against IBM. Rather, IBM seeks to have established against SCO the fact that IBM's Linux activities do not infringe SCO's alleged copyrights and to have excluded from consideration evidence SCO failed to disclose in response to the Court's discovery orders, sanctions

Paraphrase:

We're not seeking dismissal, we're just seeking a declaration that what SCO hasn't yet submitted in answer to our (and The Court's) demands can no longer be submitted.
The fact that that'll leave their case dead and gutted on the courtroom floor isn't our problem, or The Court's.
:-D
(( That big, toothy grin was once described by a 'friend' of mine as "The smile of The Angel of Death". ))

---
Powerful, committed communication. Touching the jewel within each person and bringing it to life..

[ Reply to This | # ]

SCOsource's legal chronology
Authored by: Anonymous on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 07:00 PM EDT
I find it interesting tht SCO's legal chronology only goes as far as July 7th,
the last date of SCO's last "win."

According to SCO, you still have to purchase
one of their UNIX licenses (used to be a LINUX license) in the FAQ page at
SCOsource regardless of the outcome of the case. I love that. It doesn't
matter whether or not the court validates SCO's ownership of UNIX/LINUX, you
still have to buy their license.

Captain Smegma

[ Reply to This | # ]

IBM'S REPLY MEMO IN FURTHER SUPPORT OF CROSS-MOTION FOR PSJ ON CLAIM FOR DJ OF NON-INFRINGEMENT
Authored by: red floyd on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 07:01 PM EDT
Didn't Kevin also mention that they *would* be pursuing copyright violations (to
be filed in "not less than a week"), back in the December hearing?

---
The only reason we retain the rights we have is because people *JUST LIKE US*
died to preserve those rights.

[ Reply to This | # ]

Time for one step further in counterclaiming
Authored by: rvergara on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 07:41 PM EDT
IBM, RH, Novell are proving step by step what we knew from the beginning. They
are starting to counterclaim and show where the truth lies.

There is one stakeholder that is still to counterclaim, the Open Source
community.

On september 23rd, 2003, Members of The Open Source/Free Software Community at
Groklaw sent an open letter to Mr McBride. In one of the paragraphs we (yes, I
feel part of this community) wrote "Do you have methods in place to prevent
GPL source code from being improperly inserted into your proprietary software?
Would you be willing to allow us to check for such violations? We particularly
wish to check your Linux Kernel Personality (LKP) source code. We suspect that
there may be GPL source code taken from the Linux kernel and used in LKP without
authorization, and we challenge you to prove this has not happened by showing us
your LKP source code, throughout its complete development history to
date."

Isn't time to go after the misappropriation of our source code on the LKP or
other suspect SCO products?

Ramiro

[ Reply to This | # ]

Hmm, this sums it up nicely
Authored by: garbage on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 07:46 PM EDT
"SCO's opposition papers thus seek only to perpetuate the fear, uncertainty and doubt it has fostered regarding Linux. Rather than substantiate its public claims that it has "mountains" and "truckloads" of evidence of copyright infringement, SCO demands delay. Indeed, SCO goes so far as to contend that it could take 25,000 man-years for SCO to determine whether Linux infringes SCO's purported UNIX copyrights. SCO's request for delay is nothing but gamesmanship. After more than a year-and-a-half of litigation, and despite its claims to have done "a deep dive into Linux" and "compared the source code of Linux with Unix every which way but Tuesday", it is clear that SCO has no, and never has had any, evidence of copyright infringement." - Two things : 1) I think I'm gonna print this out & frame it for the wall. & 2) Why is the trade press still to this day struck dumb on IBM's VERY succint pleadings but still only too willing to print SCOX's drivel?

[ Reply to This | # ]

A question to the lawyers
Authored by: m_si_M on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 08:50 PM EDT

As many here on Groklaw (and IBM, of course) have noticed, TSOG's lawyers continue to produce one technical mistake after another.

Could it be that they are now exercising "Plan B" ("Plan A" would have been a buyout) - losing the case on technical grounds? So that TSOG would be able to continue their threats because it was only lost for technical reasons? And of course TSCOG's management and its lawyers would have to fear no consequences if it happens that way ...

Can TSOG still publicly claim violations of its "IP" after losing the case for technical reasons alone?

Just curious...

[ Reply to This | # ]

IBM'S REPLY MEMO IN FURTHER SUPPORT OF CROSS-MOTION FOR PSJ ON CLAIM FOR DJ OF NON-INFRINGEMENT
Authored by: Anonymous on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 08:52 PM EDT
IBM is in Rip, Shred, Tear mode - Excellent * eom

[ Reply to This | # ]

Lots of *emphasis*
Authored by: Khym Chanur on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 09:34 PM EDT
There seems to be a lot of emphasis in this filing. Is this an indication that the Nazgul are getting irritated by SCO's shenanigans?

---
Give a man a match, and he'll be warm for a minute, but set him on fire, and he'll be warm for the rest of his life. (Paraphrased from Terry Pratchett)

[ Reply to This | # ]

Ouch!
Authored by: ArtK on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 09:42 PM EDT
I get the same feeling reading this that I got in college, getting a paper back, all red-lined with a big D- at the top.

I do code reviews for my company and I'm known for being very picky and unforgiving; this takedown made one of my reviews look like a pat on the back and a "nice job".

Someone at IBM is getting a bit testy, too. Phrases like "blatant misreading," "incredible," "feigned surprise" are much stronger than just putting "renewed" in quotes. Also, IBM have moved from accusing SCO of FUD to deliberate delay in court; the former is an issue for the judge only if the FUD can be shown to damage IBM, but the latter can be treated as contempt for the court.

Rudyard Kipling had a warning for the folks at SCO:

Pleasant it is for the Little Tin Gods
When great Jove nods;
But Little Tin Gods make their little mistakes
In missing the hour when great Jove wakes.

[ Reply to This | # ]

OT: Random musings while waiting for new filings
Authored by: Anonymous on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 09:48 PM EDT
Gee I'm just *itching* to see how SCO respond to IBM CC8 PSJ, and IBM's SCO1-4
PSJ...

1. On IBM CC8 PSJ (SCO's copyright infringement by copying IBM's Linux code in
violation of the GPL, and after repudiating the GPL)

Will SCO try to go back on their repudiation? And their breaches?

Will SCO try to claim the GPL is invalid but they have some right to copy IBM's
stuff anyway?

Will SCO try to claim the IBM code, actually belongs to SCO?

Will SCO go for some whacky legal theory, like the GPL violating the
Constitution, or the Terekov theory?

Will SCO try to stretch their ad nausem repitition of "we need every
iteration of AIX and Dynix" into their response?


2. On IBM's PSJ on SCO1-4 (SCO's contract claims)

How will SCO try to overcome the AT&T testimony and documents (or will they
try and claim the contract is unambiguously in their favor, ignoring the IBM
side letter which _clarifies_ (see text of the side letter) _all_ AT&T
contracts of this of type)?

How will SCO try to overcome Novell's waiver? (I'm guessing they will point to
B5 in Amendment 2, which IMHO is _weak_, way too _weak_, if you're reading
Kevin)

How will SCO try to overcome their own waiver? (They've disclosed the very same
code that they're suing IBM for disclosing?)

Will Broderick make another affidavit? Or Sontag (!) ?

Will SCO try to stretch their ad nausem repitition of "we need every
iteration of AIX and Dynix" into their response?


And my final random musing of this post...

3. What's the next for IBM PSJ?

SCO8 (IBM's alleged interference with the Novell contract) [I'm guessing this
may wait until after Kimball rules on Novell's motion to dismiss in that case]?
Lanham Act CC?




Quatermass
IANAL IMHO etc

[ Reply to This | # ]

Coming up for a breather...
Authored by: brian on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 10:12 PM EDT
Scorecard as I see it...

SCO files a motion to dismiss or stay counter claim 10 (26
Apr 04). Immediatly after, IBM filed for PSJ on counter
claim 10 (18 May 04). So SCO files a new motion to compel
Discovery (7 Jul 04). In response, IBM fires off another
motion this time for partial summary judgement on the
breach of contract(13 Aug 04). IBM then goes for partial
summary judgement on its eighth counter claim and it goes
one step further asking for a permanant injunction against
SCO (16 Aug 04).

Those are the major motions filed so far that Judge
Kimball has on his plate. In the process of IBM trying to
get their 3 PSJs and 1 PI and SCO's attempts to get rid of
them or make them go away for at least a little while, a
whole flurry of declarations have come out of both SCO and
IBM as well as motions to strike those declarations.

I think coming up out of the weeds of these declarations
and counter motions to strike was needed to keep in focus
the main event issues. If I missed somethig or have
something here wrong, feel free to correct.

B.

---
#ifndef IANAL
#define IANAL
#endif

[ Reply to This | # ]

IBM is also arguing that the old UNIX code is in the public domain
Authored by: beast on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 10:22 PM EDT

The USL vs. BSDI lawsuit was settled out of court so the issue of the copyright status of the old UNIX code was never actually determined. The judge in that case stated that he was likely to find that the code had indeed fallen into the public domain.

At the bottom of page 30, IBM is making that argument about the UNIX IPC code:

In any case, the IPC code cited by Mr. Gupta is in the public domain and thus should have been filtered.[20]

Here are parts of footnote 20:

Under the federal copyright law, for works first published prior to March 1, 1989 (the effective date of the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988), the publication of the work without a copyright notice places the work in the public domain and precludes the copyright holder from asserting any claim for copyright infringement based on thate work. ... In this case, the IPC code identified by Mr. Gupta was published and distributed prior to 1989 -- by AT&T, SCO's alleged predecessor-in-interest -- without any copyright notices affixed thereto. (See Kernighan Decl. ¶ 22; Reply Exs. 3 & 4 (showing release of UNIX System V 2.0 in 1984 and UNIX System V 3.2 in 1987).) Accordingly, the IPC code was placed in the public domain and cannot serve as the basis for any finding of substantial similarity.

---
Delay is the deadliest form of denial. - J. Northcote Parkinson

[ Reply to This | # ]

Proving a Negative
Authored by: justjeff on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 10:31 PM EDT
I've heard it said that you can't prove a negative. Yet IBM is about to do it.
It seems to me that it would very very easy for SCO to thwart this motion...
All SCO has to do is produce the flimiest bit of already-disproved infringement.
Anything at all. Even BSD packet filters. Anything. SCO can say that
"where there is smoke there is fire." At that point there is a fact
in dispute, and summary judgement is not possible. Of course that doesn't mean
SCO will win. It just means the motion will be denied. On to the trial (which
I think would be far more entertaining anyway).

Since SCO is unable to produce anything... ANYTHING AT ALL... IBM will be able
to prove a negative.

- jeff -

[ Reply to This | # ]

IBM'S REPLY MEMO IN FURTHER SUPPORT OF CROSS-MOTION FOR PSJ ON CLAIM FOR DJ OF NON-INFRINGEMENT
Authored by: Anonymous on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 10:32 PM EDT
SCO seems to be saying "I thought when you started bleating about vague
intellectual property problems big corporations were supposed to get on all
fours and moo. They're not listening to our crap. What is going on
here?"

[ Reply to This | # ]

SCO's doomsday device
Authored by: belzecue on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 10:51 PM EDT
One thing is starting to trouble me, now that we're getting to the
sharp-and-pointy end of the stick:

What does Darl/Ralph have planned on the day SCO goes belly up? Sure, that day
won't be the day that IBM win (this first round) in court; it won't be a week or
a month following the win, but the day will surely come inside six months.

Who thinks SCO will slither away quietly and die a lonely, unwatched death?
C'mon, that's not Darl's style. These guys are going out in a blaze of infamy.
They've got way too much pent-up hostility toward FOSS (and its participants)
for Darl and his troopers to simply say "Nice game, guys", take the
ball, and go home.

What trap are they likely to set or target are they likely to expend their last
round on, I wonder?

[ Reply to This | # ]

My favorite phrase
Authored by: chaz_paw on Monday, August 30 2004 @ 11:54 PM EDT
"obviously rings hollow."

---
Proud SuSE 9.1 user since 07/26/04

Charles

[ Reply to This | # ]

Does SCO still exists?
Authored by: jaja on Tuesday, August 31 2004 @ 12:05 AM EDT
I was wondering about whether SCO would survive after reading this or not. Not
that I feel sorry for them, of course.

Seriously, I knew (thanks to PJ and Groklaw) that they were "smoking
crack", as Linus said, but watching them being torn into pieces is a
totally different story, and looks like the beginning of a happy ending.

Can anybody see any chance for them to not to loose miserably in this case and
the others? I'd be surprised if they didn't.

[ Reply to This | # ]

Declaration of Brian W. Kernighan
Authored by: Anonymous on Tuesday, August 31 2004 @ 12:19 AM EDT
The document refers to this declaration in a number of
places, but I have been unable to find it. Was this sealed
or something ? I would really like to read it, if it is
available somewhere.

Mark.

[ Reply to This | # ]

Groklaw's Point of View
Authored by: Glenn on Tuesday, August 31 2004 @ 01:15 AM EDT
Although this is sort of off topic, I would judt like to put in my two cent's
worth about Groklaw bias, journalism, etc. Pamela and most of the other Groklaw
denizens have an admitted bias towards FOSS and have been openly skeptical of
the SCOG's claims from the very first, for one overriding reason. From the very
first salvo fired across the bow by the SCOG (which seemingly were only blanks,
producing only hot air), the developers in the FOSS community have been saying
"Tell us what is infringing. We will check it out, and if you are correct,
we will take it out." This the SCOG has steadfastly refused to do, and the
suspicion from the getgo was that there was/is no infringing code.
If the SCOG had been able to produce real evidence of infringement and
contract breaches by IBM, I really believe that the tide would have turned
against IBM.
IBM has been viewed with some amount of distrust by some in the FOSS
community, afraid that IBM might try to hijack the kernel, or whatever and any
real evidence would have been accepted.
However, IBM is the one that has produced the evidence, in court where it is
appropriate. The SCOG's lawyers and other minions have produced nothing that
any reasonable, rational mind would consider credible.
There have been a few here who have attempted to play the devil's advocate,
with little success, because there just is not very much for them to play with.
I do cringe inwardly when I see some of the appellations hung on some of our
more favorite analysts, ssuch as the play on Laura Didio's surname.
However, as to PJ's journalistic style, I have no problems. She presents her
analyses in a forthright, logical manner, using her experience and training to
pick out the parts that seem the most salient to her. And while her wit may be a
bit acerbic, it also seems to be on point.
Whatever her opinions, she can back them up with the facts that her research
(and others here on Grolaw) gives her. I doubt very much that anyone really
looking to get the facts would be turned off by her mostly gentle barbs as
opposed to say Rob Enderle.
End of two cents worth.

Glenn

[ Reply to This | # ]

IBM'S REPLY MEMO IN FURTHER SUPPORT OF CROSS-MOTION FOR PSJ ON CLAIM FOR DJ OF NON-INFRINGEMENT - as text
Authored by: Greebo on Tuesday, August 31 2004 @ 02:08 AM EDT
Wow!

I haven't read all of this yet, but this stood out :

Mr. Gupta has selectively arranged, juxtaposed and edited the code to make it appear similar, when an inspection of the unaltered code reveals the code to be starkly different. (See Addendum D attached hereto.) As Dr. Kernighan notes, "Mr. Gupta's conclusions of similarity depend on his selecting isolated lines of code from disparate places and putting them together as if contiguous blocks of code were involved (which they are not) and important differences did not exist (which they do)." (Kernighan Decl. ¶ 22.)

IBM are basically saying that Mr Gupta has falsified evidence here.

If this is true, and he's deliberately manipulated the code to make it appear similarities exists where none actually do, then what position does this leave SCO in?

I'm going to follow this one closely!

Greebo

---
-----------------------------------------
Recent Linux Convert and Scared Cat Owner

[ Reply to This | # ]

Corrections here
Authored by: old joe on Tuesday, August 31 2004 @ 02:23 AM EDT
Not that I have any. This is great stuff.

I'm just frustrated I have to go to work and can't give this the attention it
deserves. IBM really do tear apart SCO's arguments and leave nothing standing.
Just give a copy of this to anyone who asks about copyright problems in Linux.

[ Reply to This | # ]

IBM'S REPLY MEMO IN FURTHER SUPPORT OF CROSS-MOTION FOR PSJ ON CLAIM FOR DJ OF NON-INFRINGEMENT
Authored by: piskozub on Tuesday, August 31 2004 @ 03:10 AM EDT
Part of the reasonn (as PJ noticed some weeks ago) is simply caused by the fact they have neither a case nor evidence.

I'll add to that that as they need to answer IBM claims with no ammo, that takes a toll on the morale of the legal team and hence on the quality of the filings.

[ Reply to This | # ]

I THANK YOU DARL, my family thanks you, but Microsoft doesn't
Authored by: dodger on Tuesday, August 31 2004 @ 03:11 AM EDT
Darl says:

"We are staring down the barrel of hundreds of thousands of lines of code
that enabled Linux to go from a mom-and-pop operating system to a big-time,
enterprise-class OS at Fortune 100 companies."-- Darl McBride, Wired,
2003-09-11

Linux is a big-time, enterprise-class OS at Fortune 100 companies.

Who says so?

SCOG's CEO Darl McBride.

Guess what fans?

He told the truth for once.

Microsoft wasn't happy with that one.

[ Reply to This | # ]

Hurdles Chart - anyone want to help build one?
Authored by: MikeA on Tuesday, August 31 2004 @ 03:20 AM EDT
I have been thinking about trying to put together basically an IF/THEN "Flow-Chart" of legal hurdles that SCO has to overcome in order to prevail in this case. There seems to be an ever growing and overlapping number of them - It would really put their case into context, and might be an interesting exercise. Also, this is something that we could keep updated and repost occasionally like the legal schedule of events.

For example, the chart would show (in a graphical hierarchy, if possible) that:

TO OVERCOME IBM CC10 PSJ:
SCO must prove that:

a. Gupta Declaration is accepted as 'Expert' testimony [IF]
. Reason 1 [AND]
. Reason 2 [AND]
. Reason 3
[AND]

b. Code Comparison is Legal [IF]
. Non-Protected Work Filtered Out in Code Comparison [AND]
. Hurdle 2 [AND]
. Impossibility 3 [AND]

[AND]

c. Other Qualifyer [IF]

. Law of Physics #45 [AND]
. Other Reason # 742

...etc, etc, etc. You get the idea.

Anyone interested in helping? I would try it myself, but I am not confident that I fully know/understand all the points. We could start with a list, and start sorting/ranking things. Or just tell me its a waste of time, which it very possibly is.

---
"You need some facts to win in a court of law, thou doofus." - The Knights of Armonk (Translation by PJ)

[ Reply to This | # ]

Standing to Bear the Burden.
Authored by: Anonymous on Tuesday, August 31 2004 @ 05:06 AM EDT
IANAL, although I might be good enough to represent SCO! I wonder, therefore,
what it will signify when IBM win the partial summary judgement?

IBM have no standing to sue SCO for wrongful claims of copyright ownership.
However, SCO do have standing to bear the burden of proof in counterclaim 10.

By not contesting the undisputed fact that they do not, on the evidence, own the
SVRX copyrights, they have shown that they are unable to adduce evidence
sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact in order to take the
ownership issue to trial by jury.

What would it take for IBM to win a slamdunk on a counterclaim that IBM have not
violated any of SCO's copyrights by any of IBM's activities just on the basis of
this issue?

Are SCO allowed to dispute a fact previously undisputed in the same case, but
different claim, with new evidence?

Since SCO have conceded, with bad grace, that there are no patents or trade
secrets held by SCO in SVRX they appear to concede that they have no IP in
SVRX.

I was sad when Novell looked like taking the fasttrack to clobbering SCO's
Slander of Title case. Could IBM have planned with them to keep the blows coming
with ever increasing force over a long period of time? Am I sounding more like
Carrie Bradshaw every day?

Ian Al

[ Reply to This | # ]

NO IBM response to the 'Dynix is a work for hire' claim?
Authored by: Anonymous on Tuesday, August 31 2004 @ 11:07 AM EDT
I find that strange.

Or is IBM claiming that's a contract issue & in no way relevant to the Unix
code in Linux issue?

[ Reply to This | # ]

IBM'S REPLY --- OOOhhhh
Authored by: Anonymous on Tuesday, August 31 2004 @ 11:38 AM EDT
Well, this was certainly an eyeful. How long does SCO Grub have to respond to
this? (Do they get the right to respond?) I expect that on the last day of the
time limit a request for additional time will be submitted, or some such.

My real question is this:

If IBM 'wins' this motion for summary judgement on the 10th CC, does this mean
that EVERYONE who uses/copies/distributes Linux is clear of copyright
infringement (at least as re: SCO) ?

[ Reply to This | # ]

Is IBM's Footnote 3 misleading?
Authored by: DJNZ on Tuesday, August 31 2004 @ 03:55 PM EDT

In footnote 3, IBM says

"The term "Linux" is susceptible to multiple meanings and can be used in different ways. For purposes of its Tenth Counterclaim and this motion, IBM uses the term in its generally understood sense to refer to the core Linux code that is available at http://www.linux.org and is commonly known as the Linux kernel."

The http://www.linux.org URL leads to the "Linux Online" site run by Linux Online Inc. It is true that you can follow links from www.linux.org to finally reach http://www.kernel.org/ where the Linux kernel distribution source is kept, but www.linux.org itself is not the distribution source for the kernel.

I believe that IBM meant to give (and should have given) the http://www.kernel.org/ URL, and not the http://www.linux.org/ URL

---
Master Codewright & JOAT-in-training

[ Reply to This | # ]

Groklaw © Copyright 2003-2013 Pamela Jones.
All trademarks and copyrights on this page are owned by their respective owners.
Comments are owned by the individual posters.

PJ's articles are licensed under a Creative Commons License. ( Details )