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The GPL, Stage Front and Center - IBM Answers SCO's Attack
Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 06:34 AM EST

The intent of the GPL, as expressed in the unambiguous language of that license, is that fees and restrictions not set out in that license are barred.

I hope Novell and Microsoft read this quotation from this IBM filing, its Redacted Memorandum in Opposition to SCO's Motion for Summary Judgment on IBM's Sixth, Seventh and Eighth Counterclaims [PDF]. Then just apply it, and we can all be friends. Joke, joke. I know Microsoft isn't looking for friendship. It's looking to kill the GPL. Why would anyone help them?

Believe it or not, SCO is asking the court to kill IBM's copyright infringement counterclaims, the ones based on the GPL violations, on the grounds that SCO pretends it never violated the GPL.

Here is its position, as stated in the Memorandum in Support of its motion for summary judgment:

I. SCO DID NOT BREACH THE GPL

IBM’s Sixth and Seventh Counterclaims fail as a matter of law because SCO did not breach the GPL. First, where SCO has copied and re-distributed Linux, it has done so in compliance with the requirements of the GPL. Second, nothing in the GPL – which by its very terms is limited to “copying, distribution and modification” of Linux – precludes SCO from issuing licenses to its UNIX software.

Breathtaking, is it not? Can't they read? There can't be proprietary source code mixed in with GPL code. Period. Their only remedy was to take it out pronto, if there ever was any such. They've certainly never identified any that we've seen. Or let it join the Free World of the GPL. There was no GPL option to leave proprietary code mixed in with GPL code and then charge for it. Of course, the option to remove would be only a courtesy, an optional one. Since SCO continued to distribute knowingly, as IBM points out, after it became aware of the alleged "infringement," it lost that argument long ago.

SCO's fanciful reasoning includes the absurd proposition that the GPL is a per se antitrust violation. Yes. Again. Well, well, that's very much a match with the arguments of surrogate pro se litigant Daniel Wallace who was recently resoundingly defeated in his attempt to prove SCO's theory -- what a coincidence! -- and who, despite their best efforts, ended up instead helping IBM, who quotes liberally from the judgments against Wallace, who was quite literally mocked out of court. That's what you get for listening to folks who don't understand the GPL and maliciously wish to sidestep its clear purpose and intent. But of course, SCO must try again. I've put the text of SCO's filing below IBM's, so you can read them together.

Folks, is it not obvious that this is all about trying to undermine or destroy the GPL? Microsoft hates it. GNU/Linux's corporate friends are a bit ambivalent, at least about GPLv3. And so GPLv3 will have to try to deal with all the attempts to water down or destroy the GPL, what I'd call the FOSS "corporate ethics policy," so to speak. Ethics is the differentiating factor and the added value of Free and Open Source software. Corporations have the practice of defining at the most senior executive level the company's "corporate values". They publish a document defining their corporate values and ask or require their employees to read it and comply with it. FOSS has done the same thing from the very beginning, starting with the GNU Manifesto, then the Open Source Definition. There is the Debian Social Contract as well. These well-known texts are published and serve the essential purpose of defining what the community stands for.

Unlike corporate value statements, the ethical position of the community is enforced by a process, the licensing process. Licenses must comply with their ethical statements. Approved licenses are published to allow users to know at all time when a particular software complies.

Corporations have nothing similar to enforce their value statements. This underlines how important ethics is to FOSS that the community devised an enforcement process where corporations did not.

Circumventing the spirit of the GPL is circumventing that process. It is not a matter of being emotional about the license. It is a matter of being faithful to the very essence of FOSS and the ethics that everyone that chooses that license accepted as a value statement. And that's why the Novell-Microsoft patent agreement is getting a much larger and more intense reaction than the Sun-Microsoft agreement did. The former is attacking what makes Free Software free software. It's attacking community ethics.

Getting back to this particular defense of the GPL, IBM correctly points out that as a Linux company for some years, SCO can be presumed to understand how the license it itself used for years works. SCO actually claims that it had no notice that it was infringing IBM's copyrighted works, despite the clear notice in the GPL itself, until IBM filed its counterclaim. Even if that were true, how does it explain its continued distribution after IBM filed its counterclaim? We're talking years, not weeks or months. IBM tells the court that SCO continued to distribute at least until August of 2006.

SCO admits to the violation, without seeming to realize it, by saying it was obligated by certain UnitedLinux contractual terms to make the code available for a time. Okie dokie. In short, you did continue to distribute despite having no license and hence you infringed IBM's copyrighted works. IBM says they also continued to sell Linux after they claimed to have stopped.

What is it about the GPL that folks find it so hard to comprehend? Or is it just that they can't bear to comply? It can't just be that they don't want it to be the way it is, although you can see that very clearly I think in SCO's conduct and its explanations. But it seems deeper -- like the Bible story about the enemy armies blinded by God when they were viciously looking to arrest a prophet. He was standing right in front of them, but they couldn't discern it. Here it strikes me the same way. The terms of the GPL aren't that hard, and yet SCO presents arguments that reveal them to be either incredibly blind to what they are admitting to or ... or what? I confess, I'm stumped. But then, we now have the Novell blindness too, so what in the world is the explanation?

I know. Money blinds people sometimes. But as you read this filing, I hope you will be noticing how similar the Novell-Microsoft deal is in effect to the SCOsource arrangement. Both SCO and Microsoft want the same thing -- to be paid for some unidentified "intellectual property" inside Linux that each claims is in there and that they'll sue end users over if they don't pay up.

Do you see any difference, just because SCO tried to use copyrights and Microsoft patents? (If it is patents -- "intellectual property" doesn't actually mean anything in the law. There are no laws about "intellectual property", the laws are specifit to copyrights, patents and trademarks, etc. But there is no law about "intellectual property", so when someone tells you to pay up for "IP", tell them to be specific. Microsoft: please be specific.)

I hope you will also notice as you read this all the reasons why many are disturbed about Tivo and view its conduct as contrary to the clear intent and purpose of the GPL. But you say, they are keeping to the literal, technical GPL requirements. Is that enough? And if you say yes, what do you think will happen next to the GPL, with entities like SCO and Microsoft in the game?

And finally, ask yourself: if GPLv2 is so "perfect", how come folks do to it what SCO here tries to do and Microsoft and Novell are now trying to do too in yet another permutation of getting around the clear intent of the license? It's important not to be blind ourselves to what is going on -- and the bottom line with the GPL, as IBM so perfectly expresses it is simply this:

The intent of those who offer or accept licenses to software under the GPL is clearly stated in its Preamble.... At its simplest level, the GPL provides that anyone may copy, modify or distribute the work on a royalty-free basis, provided they agree to distribute that work -- and to license any derivative works -- only under the terms of the GPL.... As the Preamble to the GPL states, in part:
[T]he GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software -- to make sure the software is free for all its users. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights.... These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. For example, if you distribute copies of [a program licensed under the GPL] ... you must give the recipients all the rights that you have.
You must give the recipients ALL the rights you have. Is that not English? Is it not clear? There is no use telling me that you've decided it doesn't matter. Or you don't care. The license cares. That is a fundamental purpose of the GPL. And folks need to respect other people's "intellectual property", not just their own. Whatever the license says, that's what it means. SCO, IBM points out, would like to be a "super Linux licensee" -- able to enjoy the free code with all the rights that the GPL provides, while restricting and charging everyone else. That yearning is one that Microsoft appears to share.

If you wondered what it would look like to bring arguments to a court regarding the GPL, you can pretty much use this as a template. Although this document is in response to SCO's motion for summary judgment, the arguments IBM raises are pretty much what you'd use anyhow if you wanted to sue someone for violating the GPL.

***********************

SNELL & WILMER L.L.P.
Alan L. Sullivan (3152)
Todd M. Shaughnessy (665 1)
Amy F. Sorenson (8947)
[Address]
[Phone]
[Fax]

CRAVATH, SWAINE & MOORE LLP
Evan R. Chesler (admitted pro hac vice)
Roger G. Brooks (admitted pro hac vice)
David R. Marriott (7572)
[Address]
Phone]
[Fax]

Attorneys for Defendant/Counterclaim-Plaintiff
International Business Machines Corporation

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF UTAH

THE SCO GROUP, INC.


Plaintiff/Counterclaim-Defendant,

v.

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
MACHINES CORPORATION,

Defendant/Counterclaim-Plaintiff.

IBM'S REDACTED MEMORANDUM IN
OPPOSITION TO SCO'S MOTION FOR
SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON IBM'S SIXTH, SEVENTH AND EIGHTH
COUNTERCLAIMS

(ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED)

Civil No. 2:03CV-0294 DAK

Honorable Dale A. Kimball

Magistrate Judge Brooke C. Wells

SNELL & WILMER L.L.P.
Alan L. Sullivan (3152)
Todd M. Shaughnessy (665 1)
Amy F. Sorenson (8947)
[Address]
[Phone]
[Fax]

CRAVATH, SWAINE & MOORE LLP
Evan R. Chesler (admitted pro hac vice)
Roger G. Brooks (admitted pro hac vice)
David R. Marriott (7572)
[Address]
[Phone]
[Fax]

Attorneys for Defendant/Counterclaim-Plaintiff
International Business Machines Corporation

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF UTAH

THE SCO GROUP, INC.


Plaintiff / Counterclaim-Defendant,

v.

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
MACHINES CORPORATION,

Defendant / Counterclaim-Plaintiff.

IBM'S MEMORANDUM IN OPPOSITION TO SCO'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON IBM'S SIXTH, SEVENTH AND EIGHTH COUNTERCLAIMS

(ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED)

FILED UNDER SEAL PURSUANT TO 9/16/03 PROTECTIVE ORDER, DOCKET 938

Civil No. 2:03CV-0294 DAK

Honorable Dale A. Kimball

Magistrate Judge Brooke C. Wells

Table of Contents

Page
Table Of Authorities iii
Preliminary Statement 1
Material Facts Requiring Denial of SCO's Motion 2
A. The GNU General Public License ('GPL') 2
B. IBM's Offer of a License to Its Copyrighted Works Under the GPL 5
C. SCO's Acceptance of, and Promise to Abide by, the Terms and Conditions of the GPL Covering the IBM Copyrighted Works 5
D. SCO's Repudiation and Blatant Violations of the GPL 7
E. The Termination of SCO's Rights to the IBM Copyrighted Works and Linux 8
Responses to SCO's Statement of "Undisputed" Facts 10
Standard of Decision 20
Argument 21
I. SCO BREACHED THE GPL 21
A. The Plain and Unambiguous Language of the GPL Forecloses SCO's Interpretation 21
B. SCO Repeatedly Repudiated and Breached the GPL 25
1 SCO repeatedly repudiated the GPL, and continues to do so on this motion 25
2 SCO violated the GPL by placing license restrictions on Linux licensees, including its own Linux customers, on terms prohibited by the GPL 25
II. SCO INFRINGED IBM'S COPYRIGHTS 27
A. Because SCO Breached the GPL, its License to the IBM Copyrighted Works Terminated 28
1 SCO's license to the IBM Copyrighted Works "automatically terminated" upon its breach 28
2 SCO knew, or should have known, that its license to the IBM Copyrighted Works had terminated and that it was infiinging IBM's copyrights 29
B. SCO Continued Copying and Distributing the IBM Copyrighted Works without a License to do so 30
C. SCO's Attacks on the Enforceability of the GPL are Without Merit 30

i

Table of Contents
(continued)


Page
III. SCO's GPL VIOLATIONS HARMED, AND CONTINUE TO HARM, IBM 32
A. SCO Financially Damaged IBM, and IBM is In Any Event Entitled to Nominal Damages 32
B. IBM is Entitled to Injunctive and Declaratory Relief 33
Conclusion 36

ii

Table of Authorities


Page(s)
Cases
Autoskill, Inc. v. Nat'l Educ. Support Sys., Inc.,
994 F.2d 1476 (10th Cir. 1993) 20, 35
Bair v. Axiom Design LLC,
20 P.3d 388 (Utah 2001) 32
Bourne v. Walt Disney Co.,
68 F.3d 621 (2d Cir. 1995) 27
Bowers v. Baystate Techs., Inc.
320 F.3d 1317 (Fed. Cir. 2003) 29
Carson v. Dynergy, Inc.,
344 F.3d 446 (5th Cir. 2003) 27
CBS Broad., Inc. v. EchoStar Comms. Corp,
450 F.3d 505 (11th Cir. 2006) 34
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,
477 U.S. 317 (1986) 20
Cofield v. Ala. Public Service Comm'n,
936 F.2d 512 (11th Cir. 1991) 31
Concrete Machinery Co. v. Classic Lawn Ornaments, Inc.,
843 F.2d 600 (1 st Cir. 1988) 31, 34
Country Kids 'N City Slicks, Inc. v. Sheen,
77 F.3d 1280 (10th Cir. 1996) 34
Dow Chemical Co. v. United States,
226 F.3d 1334 (Fed. Cir. 2000) 25
Fairborn Commercial, Inc. v. Am. Housing Partners, Inc.,
94 P.3d 292 (Utah 2004) 21-22
Fitzgerald Publ'g Co., Inc. v. Baylor Publ'g Co.,
807 F. 2d 1110 (2d Cir. 1986) 29, 30
Ford v. United States,
273 U.S. 593 (1927) 22
Gates Rubber Co. v. Bando Chem. Indus. Ltd.,
9 F.3d 823 (10th Cir. 1993) 30

iii

Table of Authorities
(Continued)


Page(s)
Cases
In re Grandote Country Club Co.,
252 F.3d 1146 (10th Cir. 2001) 20
Intel Corp. v. VIA Techs., Inc.,
319 F.3d 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2003) 31
Intellectual Reserve, Inc. v. Utah Lighthouse Ministry, Inc.,
75 F. Supp. 2d 1290 (D. Utah 1999) 20
J.R. Simplot Co. v. Sales King Int'l, Inc.,
17 P.3d 1100 (Utah 2000) 21
Jacob Maxwell, Inc. v. Veeck,
110 F.3d 749 (11th Cir. 1997) 29
Kahn v. New York Times Co.,
503 N.Y.S.2d 561 (N.Y. App. Div. 1986) 24
Kaye v. Grossman,
202 F.3d 611 (2d Cir. 2000) 21
Kronos, Inc. v. AVX Corp.,
612 N.E.2d 289 (N.Y. 1993) 32
Liveware Publ'g Inc. v. Best Software Inc.,
Nos. 04-1788, 04-2028, 125 Fed. Appx. 428 (3d Cir. Mar. 8, 2005) 35
MCA Television Ltd v. Public Interest Corp.,
171 F.3d 1265 (11 th Cir. 1999) 29
Metro. Opera Assoc. v. Local 100, No. 00-3 613, 2005 WL 1712241 (S.D.N.Y.
July 19,2005) 33
N.A.S. Imp., Corp. v. Chenson Enters., Inc.,
968 F.2d 250 (2d Cir. 1992) 29
Palmieri v. Allstate Ins. Co.,
445 F.3d 179 (2d Cir. 2006) 23
Peirce v. Peirce,
994 P.2d 193 (Utah 2000) 24
Pinkham v. Sara Lee Corp.,
983 F.2d 824 (8th Cir. 1992) 30
Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation v. Wagnon,
402 F.3d 10 1.5 (1 Oth Cir. 2005) 34

iv

Table of Authorities
(Continued)


Page(s)
Cases
R/S Assocs. v. New York Job Dev. Auth.,
771 N.E.2d 240 (N.Y. 2002) 21
San Huan New Materials High Tech, Inc. v. Int'l Trade Comm'n,
161 F.3d 1347 (Fed. Cir. 1999) 31
Seneca-Cavuga Tribe of Okla. v. Nat'l Indian Gaming Comm'n,
327 F.3d 1019 (10th Cir. 2003) 22
Silicon Image, Inc. v. Genesis Microchip Inc.,
395 F.3d 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2005) 31
Spirit Airlines, Inc. v. Northwest Airlines, Inc.,
431 F.3d 917 (6th Cir. 2005) 33
Ticor Title Ins. Co. v. Cohen,
173 F-3d 63 (2d Cir. 1999) 35
Time Warner Entm't Co. v. Everest Midwest Licensee,
381 F-3d 1039 (10th Cir. 2004) 23
Waddoups v. Amalgamated Sugar Co.,
54 P.3d 1054 (Utah 2002) 21
Wallace v. Free Software Found.,
No. 05-0618, 2006 WL 2038644 (S.D. Ind. Mar. 20, 2006) 32
Wallace v. Int'l Bus. Mach. Corp.,
No. 05-0618, 2006 WL 2038644 (S.D. Ind. Mar. 20, 2006) 31
Wallace v. Int'l Bus. Mach. Corp.,
No. 05-678, 2006 WL 1344055 (S.D. Ind. May 16, 2006) 32, 35
Westmoreland Coal Co. v. Entech, Inc.,
794 N.E.2d 667 (N.Y. 2003) 22
Wingets. Inc. v. Bitters,
500 P.2d 1007 (Utah 1972) 24

v

Table of Authorities
(Continued)


Page(s)
Statutes and Rules
17 U.S.C. § 501 30
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) 20
Other Authorities
11 Williston on Contracts § 32:11 (4th ed. 1990) 24

3 Nimmer on Copyright § 12.11 (2005)

27
Am. Heritage College Dictionary 96 (4th ed. 2004) 28
Dennis M. Kennedy, A Primer on Open Source Licensing Legal Issues: Copyright
Copyleft, and Copyfuture, 20 St. Louis U. Pub. L. Rev. 345 (2001) 28
Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws (1971) 21
Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 250 cmt. b (1981) 25

vi

Defendant/Counterclaim-Plaintiff International Business Machines Corporation ("IBM") respectfully submits this memorandum in opposition to the motion of Plaintiff/Counterclaim- Defendant The SCO Group, Inc. ("SCO") for partial summary judgment on IBM's Sixth, Seventh and Eighth Counterclaims.

Preliminary Statement

Despite its dramatic public claims, SCO has failed to identify any code allegedly owned by SCO and copied by IBM into Linux. By contrast, undisputed facts establish that SCO literally copied, without alteration, hundreds of thousands of lines of code developed and copyrighted by IBM. Undisputed facts also establish that SCO repudiated and breached its only license to that IBM-owned material. Thus, IBM asserted the three claims at issue on this motion: (1) breach of the GNU Public License or "GPL" (Sixth Counterclaim), (2) promissory estoppel (Seventh Counterclaim), and (3) copyright infringement (Eighth Counterclaim).

SCO's motion for summary judgment as to these claims depends almost entirely on a single premise: SCO did not violate the GPL. But the premise is false. SCO did breach the GPL, blatantly and repeatedly. Indeed, SCO repudiated the GPL. For that reason, SCO's motion against IBM'.s counterclaims for breach of the GPL (Sixth Counterclaim) and promissory estoppel (Seventh Counterclaim) fails. (See Section 1.)

Similarly, SCO's motion against IBM's counterclaim for copyright infringement (Eighth Counterclaim) fails because SCO's only license to the IBM Copyrighted Works automatically terminated when SCO breached the GPL. From that point on, SCO lacked a license to the IBM

1

Copyrighted Works, and SCO's continued distribution of the IBM Copyrighted Works infringed IBM's copyrights. 1 (See Section II.)

Finally, SCO is wrong in asserting that it is entitled to summary judgment on IBM's claims for breach of the GPL (Sixth Counterclaim) and promissory estoppel (Seventh Counterclaim) because IBM has not incurred compensable harm. SCO financially damaged IBM, and IBM is in any event entitled to nominal damages for SCO's repeated violations of the GPL. Moreover, IBM seeks injunctive and declaratory relief in addition to damages on these claims. (See Section III.)

Material Facts Requiring Denial of SCO's Motion

IBM has set forth in detail the undisputed and indisputable facts material to its counterclaim for copyright infringement (Eighth Counterclaim) in its Memorandum in Support of Its Motion for Summary Judgment on Its Claim for Copyright Infringement (IBM's Eighth Counterclaim). 2 IBM relies on and incorporates by reference the facts detailed there, which also are material to its Sixth and Seventh Counterclaims, and provides only a summary overview here. (See IBM Copy. Br. ¶¶ 1-47.)

A. The GNU General Public License ("GPL"). (See IBM Copy. Br. ¶¶ 1-16.)

1. Under the so-called "Free Software" model of software development, copyright owners make their source code available to others to use, modify, and distribute on a royalty-free

2

basis, in exchange for the reciprocal right to use, modify and distribute any additions or improvements contributed by those licensees and sublicensees, on the same royalty-free basis. (IBM Copy. Br. ¶¶ 1-5.)

2. The most widely used legal license agreement that makes the Free Software model possible is the GNU Public License or "GPL". 3 (IBM Copy. Br. ¶¶ 6-7; Exs. 128, 129.)

3. The intent of those who offer or accept licenses to software under the GPL is clearly stated in its Preamble. (Ex. 128, Preamble; Ex. 129, Preamble.) At its simplest level, the GPL provides that anyone may copy, modify or distribute the work on a royalty-free basis, provided they agree to distribute that work -- and to license any derivative works -- only under the terms of the GPL. (Ex. 128 §§ 2, 4-6; see also Ex. 129 §§ 2, 8-10.) As the Preamble to the GPL states, in part:

[T]he GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software -- to make sure the software is free for all its users. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights.... These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. For example, if you distribute copies of [a program licensed under the GPL] ... you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. (Ex. 128, Preamble; see also Ex. 129, Preamble.)

4. Section 1 of the GPL grants every licensee ("you") the right to "copy and distribute verbatim copies of the [Program's] source code as you receive it". (Ex. 128 § 1; Ex.129 § 1.) Section 1 of the GPL permits a GPL licensee such as SCO to collect a fee to cover the

3

cost of "the physical act of transferring a copy", and permits a licensee to charge fees for service and warranty protection. (Ex. 128 § 1; Ex. 129 § 1.) It authorizes no other type of license fee. (Id.)

5. Section 2 of the GPL also authorizes a GPL licensee such as SCO to "copy and distribute" modifications of a GPL-licensed program "under the terms of Section 1" provided SCO also meets certain additional conditions, including:

You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License. (Ex. 128 § 2(b) (emphasis added); see als Ex. 129 § 2(c).)

6. Section 6 of the GPL provides that each time a GPL licensee redistributes "the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program". (Ex. 128 § 6; see also Ex. 129 § 10.) Section 6 prohibits a licensee such as SCO from imposing on other GPL licensees, including its customers and any other Linux licensees, "further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of rights granted" under the GPL. (Id.)

7. Section 4 of the GPL states:

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. (Ex. 128 § 4 (emphasis added); see also Ex. 129 § 8.)

8. The intellectual property rights of GPL licensees or others may not be used to "overwrite" or create an exception to the restrictions of the GPL. (Ex. 128 § 7; Ex. § 129 & 11.) Section 7 of the GPL expressly states:

If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this

4

License and my other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. (Ex. 128 § 7 (emphasis added); Ex. 129 § 11.)

B. IBM's Offer of a License to Its Copyrighted Works Under the GPL. (See IBM Copy. Br. ¶¶ 1123-28.)

9. IBM's extensive contributions to Linux on which IBM holds valid registered copyrights include the works listed in Table 1 of IBM's Copyright Counterclaim Brief (collectively, the "IBM Copyrighted Works"). (IBM Copy. Br. ¶¶ 24-25; see Ex. 167 ¶¶ 5-7; Ex. 5 ¶¶ 20, 108.)

10. IBM offered licenses to the IBM Copyrighted Works only under the GPL, by posting the IBM Copyrighted Works on the Internet as part of the Linux development process. (Ex. 167 ¶7.) Subsequently, each of IBM's Copyrighted Works was incorporated into SCO's Linux products, as indicated in Table 1 of the IBM Copyright Counterclaim Brief. (Ex. 167 ¶ 7; IBM Copy. Br. ¶ 26.)

11. Linux, including the IBM Copyrighted Works in Linux, is distributed under the GPL. (IBM Copy. Br. ¶¶ 19-21; Ex. 272 ¶ 9.)

C. SCO's Acceptance of, and Promise to Abide by, the Terms and Conditions of the GPL Covering the IBM Copyrighted Works. (See IBM Copy. Br. ¶¶ 29-39.)

12. SCO was founded in 1994 under the name Caldera, Inc., as a commercial distributor of Linux products. (IBM Copy. Br. ¶¶ 22, 29.) Over the years, SCO has developed and marketed a number of software products containing Linux code, including Caldera Network Desktop, OpenLinux and SCO Linux. (IBM Copy. Br. ¶¶ 22, 29.)

13. For most of its existence, SCO conducted its business under the GPL. (Ex. 221 ¶¶ 21-27.) The GPL affected significant aspects of SCO's business, and SCO's executives understood that the GPL granted SCO the right to copy, modify and distribute Linux and set the terms according to which SCO was required to treat the Linux kernel. (Ex. 221 ¶ 23.) Indeed,

5

SCO recognized that it was required to abide by the terms of the GPL if SCO wanted to copy, modify or distribute Linux, and SCO appears to have adhered to the terms of the GPL through June 2002. (Ex. 221 ¶ 24.)

14. In November 2002, SCO began distributing a product it called "SCO Linux Server 4.0, powered by UnitedLinux". (IBM Copy. Br. ¶ 30.) SCO Linux Server 4.0 contained, verbatim, the entirety of each IBM Copyrighted Work, with the exception of IBM's copyrighted "Omni Print Driver". (IBM Copy. Br. ¶ 30.) SCO also distributed a product it called "OpenLinux 3.1.1 Asia", which contained, verbatim, the entirety of IBM's "Omni Print Driver". (IBM Copy. Br. ¶ 31; Ex. 406; Ex. 69 ¶ 13.)

15. By copying and distributing the IBM Copyrighted Works in Linux, SCO voluntarily accepted a license to those works under the terms of the GPL. As Section 5 of the GPL states:

You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it. (Ex. 128 § 5; see also Ex. 129 § 9.)

16. In addition to distributing Linux, SCO made representations to its partners in the development community (commercial and non-commercial) and to prospective customers that SCO would not copy, modify, or distribute the Linux kernel (including the code contributed by IBM except on the terms set out in the GPL. (Ex. 221 ¶ 25.) SCO also made clear and unambiguous representations or promises not to assert rights to other programs distributed by Caldera under the GPL except on the terms set out in the GPL. (Ex. 221 ¶ 25.) SCO reinforced those representations with its conduct, including by making contributions of code to Linux under the GPL. Every Linux product SCO ever used or distributed included code made available to

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SCO only through the GPL. (Ex. 221 ¶ 26.) And every Linux product that SCO distributed included a notice that the Linux kernel and various other components were being made available to others under the GPL. (Ex. 221 ¶ 26.)

17. In developing SCO Linux Server 4.0, SCO also made certain modifications and additions to the Linux 2.4.19 kernel, such that SCO Linux Server 4.0 is a derivative work of the Linux 2.4.19 kernel within the meaning of the GPL. (IBM Copy. Br. ¶¶ 12, 35; Ex. 474 at SCO1170557-558; Ex. 617; Ex. 128 § 2(b).)

D. SCO's Repudiation and Blatant Violations of the GPL. (See IBM Copy. Br. ¶¶ 40-47.)

18. As early as August 2003, SCO began publicly declaring that the GPL was unenforceable, and thereby repudiated the GPL. (IBM Copy. Br. ¶ 41.)

19. In this litigation, SCO has repeatedly repudiated the GPL in its pleadings and discovery responses. (IBM Copy. Br. ¶ 42)

20. By May of 2003, SCO began overtly and explicitly asserting rights over Linux inconsistent with SCO's rights and obligations under the GPL, including by seeking license fees from users of Linux and imposing restrictions on users of Linux that are prohibited by the terms of the GPL. (IBM Copy. Br. ¶ 43.) SCO took the position that use of Linux (which SCO had both received and distributed under the terms of the GPL) was not authorized without a paid license from SCO, and began threatening and initiating litigation against companies that used Linux. (IBM Copy. Br. ¶ 43.)

21. As a result of this campaign of fear, uncertainty and doubt, SCO succeeded in actually collecting license fees from a number of Linux users, in excess of the specific and limited fees permitted by the GPL to be collected. (IBM Copy. Br. ¶ 44.) SCO claimed that this license was necessary for "commercial use of the Linux 2.4 and later versions". For example,

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SCO sold Everyone's Internet, Ltd. what SCO representatives described as a "Linux license" or "Linux IP license". (IBM Copy. Br. ¶ 44.) These license fees violated the GPL.

22. In its "SCO Intellectual Property License for Linux" SCO purported to prohibit the use, modification, or distribution of the Linux source code. (IBM Copy. Br. ¶ 45.) This restriction violated the GPL.

23. SCO purported to prohibit its Linux "licensees" under the "SCO Intellectual Property License for Linux" from further sublicensing or distributing Linux. (Ex. 578 § 3.2; Ex. 403; IBM Copy. Br. ¶ 46.) This restriction violated the GPL.

24. Also by May of 2003, SCO began offering its own Linux customers an agreement whereby SCO "agreed to hold its Linux customers harmless from any SCO intellectual property issues regarding Linux". (Ex. 284 ¶ 8 & Exs. B, D.)

SECTION REDACTED

These restrictions violated the GPL.

E. The Termination of SCO's Rights to the IBM Copyrighted Works and Linux.

25. SCO's violations of the GPL automatically terminated SCO's license to the IBM Copyrighted Works pursuant to Section 4 of the GPL. (Ex. 128 § 4; Ex. 129 § 8.) This termination of SCO's rights to the IBM Copyrighted Works was effective immediately upon SCO's violations. (Ex. 128 § 4; Ex. 129 § 8.)

26. As a long-time participant in the Linux market, member of UnitedLinux, and both licensor and licensee under the GPL, SCO understood that under GPL Section 4, SCO's rights

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under the GPL would terminate automatically if SCO violated the GPL. (Ex. 221 ¶¶ 23-24.) As SCO explained in a SCO "white paper":

[A]ny individual or company can package products that are licensed under the GPL, and charge a nominal fee for the distribution media and packaging, but they must still make the source code to the product available. Anyone who buys the product is free to recopy, alter, or redistribute, so long as the GPL is followed. (Ex. 262 at SCO 1269182.)

27. Despite the automatic termination of SCO's rights to the IBM Copyrighted Works, however, SCO continued to make available copies of the IBM Copyrighted Works, each of which explicitly stated that it was licensed under the terms of the GPL. (IBM Copy. Br. ¶ 47.) All told, SCO distributed or made Linux files publicly available for almost four years. SCO distributed SCO Linux 4.0 for at least a year and a half, from November 19, 2002 until May 31, 2004. (Ex. 284 14.) SCO also continued to post Linux files on its own Internet website until as recently as August 2006, and made those Linux files publicly available to others to copy at will. (Ex. 215 ¶ 100; Ex. 226 ¶¶ 13-16; IBM Copy. Br. 137.)

28. SCO's repeated repudiation and breach of the GPL has harmed IBM. As a foreseeable consequence of SCO's repudiation and breach of the GPL, among other wrongs by SCO, SECTION REDACTED (Ex. 589 ¶¶ 21-23; Ex. 591 ¶¶ 1.A, 36.) These costs are ongoing. (Id.) IBM has also incurred quantifiable damages under the methodology of SCO's own experts. (Ex. 591 ¶¶ 1.C, 33-34.) Further facts material to the scope of IBM's injury are set forth in detail in IBM's Memorandum in Opposition to SCO's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on IBM's Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Counterclaims.

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Responses to SCO's Statement of "Undisputed" Facts

To avoid any ambiguity and pursuant to DUCivR 56-1(c), IBM further responds as follows to SCO's "Statement of Undisputed Facts":

1. IBM's Sixth Counterclaim, for breach of the GNU General Public License, alleges that SCO has breached the GPL by "among other things, copying, modifying, sublicensing or distributing programs licensed under the GPL, including IBM contributions, on terms inconsistent with the GPL, and seeking to impose additional restrictions on the recipients of programs licensed under the GPL, including IBM contributions, distributed by SCO. " (IBM's 2d Am. Counterclaims ¶ 145.) The counterclaim also alleges that SCO's license under the GPL "terminated" because of this alleged breach. (IBM's 2d Am. Counterclaims ¶ 146.)

IBM does not dispute that the quoted language is accurate but disputes that paragraph 1 provides a complete or accurate statement of IBM's Sixth Counterclaim. IBM refers to its Second Amended Counterclaims ¶¶ 142-147 for their contents and what IBM "alleges" in its Sixth Counterclaim. (Ex. 4.)

2. IBM's Seventh Counterclaim, for promissory estoppel, seeks to recover damages resulting from IBM's reliance on SCO's promise not to breach the GPL. (IBM's 2d Am. Counterclaims ¶¶ 148-53)

IBM disputes that the paraphrase in paragraph 2 provides a complete or accurate statement of IBM's Seventh Counterclaim. For example, the relief sought includes declaratory and injunctive relief. IBM refers to its Second Amended Counterclaims ¶¶ 148-153 for their contents and what IBM "seeks" in its Seventh Counterclaim. (Ex. 4.)

3. IBM's Eighth Counterclaim, for copyright infringement, alleges that SCO has infringed upon IBM's copyrights by "copying, modifying, sublicensing and/or distributing Linux products except as expressly provided under the GPL." (IBM's 2d Am. Counterclaims ¶ 159.)

IBM does not dispute that the quoted language is accurate but disputes that paragraph 3 sets forth a complete or accurate statement of IBM's Eighth Counterclaim. IBM refers to its Second Amended Counterclaims ¶¶ 154-161 for their contents and what IBM "alleges" in its Eighth Counterclaim. (Ex. 4.)

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4. Section 0 of the GPL (Ex. A) provides: "Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this license; they are outside of its scope."

IBM does not dispute that the quoted language appears in Section 0 of the GPL. IBM refers to the text of Section 0 of the GPL for what it "provides" in full.

5. Section O further states: "This License applies to any program ... which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License." It is undisputed that IBM placed such a notice with respect to the code it added to Linux, and that SCO never placed such a notice on any code in Linux.

IBM does not dispute that the quoted language appears in Section 0 of the GPL. IBM refers to the text of Section 0 for what it "states" in full. IBM disputes that "SCO never placed such a notice on any code in Linux" in that SCO distributed its Linux product "SCO Linux Server 4.0 powered by UnitedLinux" with GPL notices. (Ex. 226 ¶ 10; Ex. 278 ¶ 6; Ex. 221 ¶ 77; Ex. 176 ¶¶ 12-13.)

6. Under the GPL, a licensee may charge a fee for its distribution of GPL licensed software. (GPL Preamble ¶¶ 2, 4; GPL § 1)

IBM does not dispute that GPL licensees may charge a fee for "the physical act of transferring a copy" of GPL licensed software. (See ¶¶ 3-4. 4) The GPL only permits a "fee for the physical act of transferring a copy" and "warranty protection in exchange for a fee". (Ex. 128 § 1; Ex. 129 § 1.)

7. Section 1 of the GPL authorizes the general public to copy and distribute verbatim copies of the source code of the licensed program, subject to certain notice publication requirements. (GPL § 1.) SCO complied with all of these requirements in all of its Linux distributions. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 9; (Ex. B); Hughes Dep. (5/11/04) at 67 (Ex. C; Sontag Dep (5/12/04) at 211 (Ex. D).)

IBM disputes that SCO's purported paraphrase and characterization of Section 1 of the GPL in the first sentence of this paragraph is an accurate and complete statement of what

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Section 1 "authorizes". Section 1 authorizes, inter alia, licensees to "charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy" and to "offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee". (Ex. 128 § 1; Ex. 129 § 1.) IBM refers to the text of Section 1 for what it "authorizes". IBM further disputes this paragraph in that GPL Section 1 authorizes certain actions not to the "general public", but to "each licensee" under the GPL. (Ex. 128 §§ 0, 1; Ex. 129 §§ 0, 1.) The license is offered to all (the "general public"), but must be accepted by each prospective licensee. (Ex. 128 §§ 0, 5; Ex. 129 §§ 0, 9.) IBM further disputes that SCO complied with the requirements of Section 1. SCO sought to impose and did impose licensing fees through its "SCO Intellectual Property License for Linux" other than fees for the physical act of transferring a copy or for warranty protection. (Ex. C to Ex. 284.)

8. Section 2 of the GPL states that if a licensee modifies the licensed work the modfied work must be licensed at no charge. (GPL § 2) SCO never modified any of IBM's contributions to Linux. (Sontag Decl. (Ex. E) ¶ 31) In contrast to Section 2 (which authorizes the copying of modified works), Section 1 (which authorizes verbatim copying) does not require no-charge licensing. (GPL §§ 1-2)

IBM disputes that SCO's purported paraphrase and characterization of Section 2 of the GPL is an accurate and complete statement of what Section 2 "states" and what Sections 1 and 2 "authorize". IBM refers to the text of Sections 1 and 2 for what those sections "state" and "authorize". IBM further disputes this paragraph in that IBM's copyrighted works are licensed subject to the GPL both individually and as component parts of the larger Linux operating system work. (¶ 10.) IBM further disputes this paragraph in that SCO did modify the Linux work, which included the IBM Copyrighted Works, in the course of creating SCO Linux 4.0, powered by UnitedLinux and SCO Open Linux 3.1.1 Asia, and so was fully subject to the provisions of Section 2 of the GPL. (¶ 17.)

9. Section 3 of the GPL authorizes the general public to copy and distribute verbatim copies of the licensed program in object code or executable form, subject to the condition that it be accompanied by the source code or by an offer to provide the source code.

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(GPL § 3) SCO complied with these conditions in all of its Linux distributions. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 9; Hughes Dep. (5/11/04) at 67; Sontag Dep. at 211)

IBM does not dispute that Section 3 imposes certain conditions on each licensee but disputes that SCO's purported paraphrase and characterization of Section 3 of the GPL is an accurate and complete statement of what Section 3 "authorizes". IBM refers to the text of Section 3 for what that section "authorizes". IBM further disputes this paragraph in that Section 3 authorizes certain actions not to the "general public", but to "each licensee" under the GPL. (Ex. 128 §§ 0, 3; Ex. 129 §§ 0, 3.) The license is offered to all (the "general public"), but must be accepted by each prospective licensee. (Ex. 128 §§ 0, 5; Ex. 129 §§ 0, 9.)

IBM further disputes that SCO complied with the conditions of Section 3. Section 3 provides that a licensee "may copy or distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2". (Ex. 128 § 3.) SCO has collected, or attempted to collect, royalties or licensing fees from Linux licensees in excess of the fees permitted under the GPL for the "physical act of transferring" a copy of code or for warranty protection. (¶¶ 18-24; Ex. 128 § § 1-3; Ex. 129 §§ 1, 2, 4.) And SCO purports to restrict Linux licensees to object code only and to prohibit further licensing and sublicensing of Linux. (¶¶ 23-27.)

10. Nothing in the GPL prohibits the licensing of other intellectual property that may pertain to the Program. In fact, Section 7 of the GPL contemplates that "the Program " may implicate other intellectual property rights. (GPL § 7.)

IBM disputes this paragraph in that the GPL expressly prohibits a GPL licensee from licensing intellectual property in a manner that imposes "further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted hereunder". (Ex. 128 § 6; ¶ 6.) The GPL also prohibits a GPL licensee from copying, modifying, sublicensing, or distributing the Program "except as expressly provided under this License". (Ex. 128 § 4; ¶ 7.) IBM further disputes this paragraph in that

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GPL Section 7 does not "contemplate" that a GPL licensee such as SCO would attempt to use its purported intellectual property to impose on other GPL licensees restrictions that violate the GPL. IBM refers to ¶ 8 above for what Section 7 "contemplates".

11. Section 3 of the GPL does not prohibit a licensee from charging "royalty or licensing fees" on the licensed works. Section 3 does not mention fees or royalties. (GPL § 3)

IBM does not dispute that the words "royalty or licensing fees" do not appear in the text of Section 3, but IBM disputes this paragraph in that Section 3 provides in part that "you may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 provided that you also do one of the following". (Ex. 128 § 3 (emphasis added).) Accordingly, Section 3 "mentions" fees to the extent that Section 3 is subject to Sections 1 and 2. Section 1 permits a licensee only to "charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy" and to "offer warranty protection for a fee". (Ex. 128 § 1.) Section 2 permits no fees at all. (Ex. 128 § 2(b); ¶ 5.)

12. Section 3 of the GPL requires that a party who distributes copies of works subject to the GPL in executable form, provide the customer "with the complete corresponding machine- readable source code" on a "medium customarily used for software interchange" or with an offer to provide the code at cost. (GPL § 3.)

IBM does not dispute that Section 3 includes the quoted language. IBM refers to the text of Section 3 of the GPL for what that section "requires".

13. Section 4 of the GPL states that a licensee's use of licensed material beyond the scope ofthe License will "automatically terminate" the licensee's rights under the License, but it does not say when such a termination becomes effective, and it provides no mechanism by which the licensee is put on notice of an alleged unauthorized use of the licensed material. (GPL § 4)

IBM does not dispute that, pursuant to Section 4 of the GPL, a licensee's use of licensed material beyond the scope of the license will "automatically terminate" the licensee's rights under the license. IBM disputes that SCO's purported paraphrase and characterization of Section

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4 of the GPL is an accurate and complete statement of what Section 4 "states". IBM refers to the text of Section 4, quoted in full above, for what it "states". (Ex. 128 § 4; ¶ 7.)

IBM further disputes that the GPL "does not say when such a termination becomes effective, and it provides no notice of an alleged unauthorized use". The phrase "automatically terminates" indicates that termination becomes effective at the time of "any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program". (¶ 7.) Notice of unauthorized use is provided by the GPL itself, which clearly sets forth the terms and conditions for use. Any other use is unauthorized. (¶ 7.)

14. GPL Section 6 states that each time a licensee redistributes "the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. [The licensee] may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. " (GPL § 6.)

IBM does not dispute that GPL Section 6 includes the quoted language. IBM refers to the text of Section 6 for what it "states" in full.

15. SCO copied and distributed the Linux kernel and other related Linux software for years prior to 2003, when SCO discovered that IBM and others had misappropriated SCO's copyrighted UNIX code by contributing it to Linux without SCO's approval. On May 14, 2003, SCO suspended all sales and marketing of its entire Linux product line. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 3; Hughes Dep. (3/2/06) at 179, 186 (Ex. F); Hughes Dep. (5/11/04) at 16, 37, 48, 51.)

IBM disputes this paragraph in that SCO has not identified, in this paragraph or elsewhere, any SCO copyrighted UNIX code that has been "misappropriated" by IBM. (See Ex. 54; see also IBM's Mem. in Support of its Motion for Summary Judgment on SCO's Contract Claims (SCO's First, Second, Third and Fourth Causes of Action) ¶¶ 237-238.) Nor has IBM misappropriated any SCO code. IBM does not dispute that SCO copied and distributed the Linux kernel and other related Linux software, including the IBM Copyrighted Works, prior to 2003. However, SCO allowed its pre-existing customers to purchase Linux-related products after May 14, 2003. (Ex. 284 ¶ 3; ¶ 27.) SCO continued to sell Linux products until at least May

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31, 2004. (Ex. 284 ¶ 4; ¶ 27.) SCO continued to post Linux files on its own Internet website as recently as August 2006 and made them available to others to copy at will. (Ex. 215 ¶ 110; Ex. 226 ¶¶ 13-16; ¶ 27.)

16. In light of the legal issues arising from the misappropriation, SCO began offering its Intellectual Property License for UNIX (the "UNIX License") for sale beginning on August 5, 2003. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 6.) The UNIX License is a license of SCO's UNIX software, not a license or sublicense of Linux or of any IBM-copyrighted work. (Hughes Dep. (3/2/06) at 181-82; Sontag Decl. ¶ 30.)

IBM does not dispute that SCO began offering a license for sale on August 5, 2003, but IBM disputes this paragraph in that the license SCO began offering for sale on August 5, 2003 was the "SCO Intellectual Property for Linux". (Ex. C to Ex. 284; ¶¶ 21-22.) The "SCO Intellectual Property License for Linux" is a run-time license for the use, in binary form only, of certain unspecified code contained in Linux, and SCO claimed that this license was necessary for "commercial use of the Linux 2.4 and later versions". (IBM Copy. Br. ¶ 44; ¶ 21.) It is a Linux license, and Linux includes the IBM Copyrighted Works. (Ex. C to Ex. 284; ¶¶ 9-11; 21-24.)

17. SCO has never attempted to license or sublicense Linux or any IBM copyrighted work, or any other GPL-licensed source code. (Sontag Decl. ¶ 30.) SCO offered its UNIX License, beginning in August 2003, because SCO believes IBM had misappropriated SCO's proprietary material and contributed that material into Linux. (Hughes Decl. ¶6)

IBM disputes this paragraph in that SCO attempted to, and did, license or sublicense Linux. (¶¶ 21-24.) Linux is distributed under the GPL. (¶ 11.) In its "SCO Intellectual Property License for Linux", SCO purported to license the use of Linux only in object code format, thus prohibiting the use, modification, or distribution of the Linux source code. (¶ 21; IBM Copy. Br. ¶ 44; Ex. 284 ¶ 6 and Ex. C.) SCO purported to prohibit Linux "licensees" under the SCO Intellectual Property License for Linux from further sublicensing and distributing Linux. (¶ 23.) SCO also licensed or attempted to license its own customers who used SCO Linux products. (¶ 24.)

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18. SCO has not sought to collect royalties or licensing fees for any of IBM's allegedly copyrighted works. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 9; Sontag Decl. ¶ 30.)

IBM disputes this paragraph in that SCO has sought to collect, and has collected, from Linux users licensing fees through its SCO Intellectual Property License for the use of Linux in binary form, as stated in response to the previous paragraph. IBM's copyrighted works are included in Linux. (¶¶ 9-11.)

19. SCO has not attempted to sell a UNIX License to anyone who received a Linux distribution from SCO. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 8.)

IBM disputes this paragraph to the extent that anyone who received a Linux distribution from SCO paid a fee for the use of SCO Linux. (Ex. 284 ¶¶ 2, 4, 5, 7.) SCO "agreed to hold its Linux customers harmless from any SCO intellectual property issues" (Ex. 284 ¶ 8), and provided a compliance license to its customers already using SCO Linux (Ex. 303 at 287:25- 288:19) in partial consideration for the fees SCO already charged for its Linux products. Thus, SCO distributed Linux subject to an agreement pertaining to SCO intellectual property rights and not as expressly provided in the GPL. (Ex. 284 ¶ 8.)

20. SCO distributed SCO Linux Server 4.O for less than six months, from November 19, 2002, until May 14, 2003. (Hughes Decl.¶¶ 2-3; Hughes Dep. (3/2/06) at 186; Hughes Dep. (5/11/04) at 16, 37, 57.) Once SCO arrived at the conclusion that Linux was tainted with misappropriated material, SCO suspended its sales of Linux products pending clarification of the intellectual property issues. (Hughes Decl. ¶3; Hughes Dep, (3/2/06) at 179, 186; Sontag Dep. (5/12/04) (Ex. E) at 208-09.) After May 14, 2003, SCO entered into no further obligations to sell SCO Linux Server 4.0 or any other Linux product. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 3; Hughes Dep. (5/11/04) at 53) SCO made limited post-May 14 sales to customers in consideration of its obligations to its customers. (Hughes Decl. ¶¶ 3-5; Hughes Dep. (3/2/06) at 188-89; Hughes Dep. (5/11/04) at 72-73; Sontag Decl. ¶¶ 12-14; Sontag Dep. (5/12/04) at 221-23) The last sale of Linux Server 4.0 was on May 31, 2004. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 4; Hughes Dep. (11/1/05) at 60 (Ex. G).) All of SCO's Linux distributions (both prior to and after May 2003) were made under the GPL, with no charge of any nature for royalties or licensing fees. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 9.)

IBM does not dispute that SCO distributed Linux for the months November 2000 through May 2003. However, SCO distributed Linux or made Linux files publicly available for almost four years. (¶ 27.) SCO continued to post Linux files on its own Internet website for at least an

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additional two years and three months after May 2003, until as recently as August 2006, and made those Linux files available to others to copy at will. (¶27.)

IBM further disputes that "all of SCO's Linux distributions (both prior to and after May 2003) were made under the GPL, with no charge of any nature for royalties or licensing fees". SCO's distributions of Linux to its own customers, both prior to and after May 2003, were made subject to SCO's agreement "to hold its Linux customers harmless from any SCO intellectual property issues regarding Linux". (Ex. 284 ¶8, ¶¶ 24.) That agreement is not a term or condition of the GPL. (See Ex. 128.) Therefore, SCO's distribution of Linux to its own customers was not "under the GPL". (See Ex. 128.) Similarly, SCO's licensing of Linux to non- SCO customers using Linux through the "SCO Intellectual Property License for Linux" includes terms and conditions that are not part of the GPL. (¶¶ 21-23; Ex. 128.) Therefore, SCO's licensing of non-SCO customers using Linux also was not "under the GPL". (See Ex. 128.)

21. In accordance with its obligations, SCO continued to provide its Linux customers with internet access to files containing Linux source code and enhancements thereto. SCO stored these files on its computers, which its customers could access via the internet. In accordance with its agreement with the UnitedLinux consortium, SCO provided customers who purchased SCO Linux Server 4.0 with a password to enter at a log-in screen on SCO's download site so that only they would have access. (Hughes Dep. (3/2/06) at 195; Hughes Dep. (11/1/05) at 37- 38, Sontag Decl. ¶¶17-19.)

IBM disputes this paragraph in part. IBM does not dispute that SCO continued to copy and distribute Linux source code after May 2003, including the IBM Copyrighted Works. As recently as August 2006, SCO had posted Linux files on its own Internet website and made those files available to others to copy at will. (¶ 27.) No password was necessary for access to these files in August 2006; they were available from SCO's publicly accessible online server. (¶ 27.)

22. SCO permitted access to Linux source code files via its website after August 5, 2003, because of SCO's pre-existing contractual obligations with its customers and with the UnitedLinux consortium. (Hughes Dep. (3/2/06) at 190-91, 194, Sontag Decl. ¶ 17-19.) SCO complied by making the source code available to its customers on its website. SCO removed all Linux-related code from its website promptly after expiration of the last of its contractual

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commitments, on December 31, 2004. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 11; Hughes Dep. (3/2/06) at 191, 194; Hughes Dep. (11/1/05) at 37-38, 121; SontagDecL ¶ 17.)

IBM does not dispute that SCO continued to copy and make available Linux source code files after August 5, 2003. IBM disputes this paragraph in that SCO "removed all Linux-related code" from its website in December 2004 in that as recently as August 2006, SCO had posted Linux files on its own Internet website and made those files available to others to copy at will. (¶ 27.) No password was necessary for access to these files in August 2006; they were available from SCO's publicly accessible online server. (¶27.)

23. SCO suspended its Linux distribution activities in May 2003 (Hughes Decl. ¶ 3; Hughes Dep. (3/2/06) at 186,), months before it began selling the UNIX License in August of 2003. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 6.) This suspension was also months before IBM registered any of the sixteen alleged copyrights. (IBM Mem. in Supp. of IBM's Mot. for Partial Summ. J on Its Eighth Counterclaim (8/16/04) ¶8.)

IBM disputes this paragraph in that SCO distributed SCO Linux 4.0 until May 31, 2004. (Ex. 284 ¶ 4). SCO continued to post Linux files on its own Internet website for at least an additional two years and three months beyond that date, until as recently as August 2006, and made those Linux files available to others to copy at will. (¶ 27.) The IBM Copyrighted Works were registered within five years of the first publication of the relevant work. (Ex. 167 ¶ 5; IBM Copy. Br. ¶ 25.)

24. Prior to the filing of its Counterclaim on August 6, 2003, IBM never provided SCO with any notice of its claim that SCO's rights under the GPL had terminated or that SCO was infringing its copyrights. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 12)

IBM disputes this paragraph in that IBM made its IBM Copyrighted Works available to SCO and others only under the terms and conditions of the GPL. (Ex. 167 ¶ 7.) The GPL provides, inter alia, that "any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void and will automatically terminate your rights under the License". (Ex. 128 § 4.) The GPL itself, therefore, provided notice to SCO that "any attempt" by it to license Linux other

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than as provided in the GPL would automatically terminate its rights under the GPL and result in the infringement of IBM's copyrights. (¶ 7; Response to ¶ 13.)

25. SCO never repudiated the GPL, and it always endeavored to comply with its GPL obligations. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 9; Hughes Dep. (3/2/06) at 200-01; Sontag Dep. (5/12/04) at 211.)

IBM disputes this paragraph in that SCO repeatedly repudiated and breached the GPL. (¶¶ 18-24.)

Standard of Decision

Summary judgment is proper "if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); see Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-24 (1986); In re Grandote Country Club Co., 252 F.3d 1146,1149 (10th Cir. 2001). On this motion, the Court must view the record "in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party", IBM. Grandote Country Club, 252 F.3d at 1149 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

To prevail on a claim of copyright infringement, a copyright holder must establish (1) that it owns the copyright to the copyrighted work, and (2) that the alleged infringer violated one or more of the holder's exclusive rights. See Autoskill, Inc. v. Nat'l Educ. Support Sys., Inc. 994 F.2d 1476, 1487 (10th Cir. 1993); Intellectual Reserve, Inc. v. Utah Lighthouse Ministry, Inc., 75 F.Supp. 2d 1290,1292 (D. Utah 1999).

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Argument

I. SCO BREACHED THE GPL.

SCO first seeks summary judgment against IBM's Sixth and Seventh Counterclaims on the ground that "SCO did not breach the GPL". 5 (SCO Br. at 9.) Specifically, SCO asserts that it did not breach the GPL because that license governs only SCO's actions vis-a-vis its own customers, and that SCO never violated the GPL in its dealings with its own customers. That is, SCO argues that it only sought to impose a Linux license that violates the GPL on non-SCO customers -- the vast majority of the Linux-using world. (SCO Br. at 11.) The argument is too clever by half, and wrong. Not only did SCO violate the GPL in its dealings with its own customers, but SCO's own license under the GPL was in any case conditioned on SCO's GPL compliance with respect to all Linux licensees. Instead of complying with its GPL obligations, SCO violated and repudiated them repeatedly.

A. The Plain and Unambiguous Language of the GPL Forecloses SCO's Interpretion.

Because the language of the GPL is unambiguous, the Court need not look beyond the "four corners" of the license to determine its meaning. See Fairborn Commercial, Inc. v. Am. Housing Partners. Inc., 94 P.3d 292, 295 (Utah 2004); R/S Assocs. v. New York Job Dev. Auth., 771 N.E.2d 240, 242 (N.Y. 2002). 6 The Court should "consider each provision in relation to all

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of the others, with a view toward giving effect to all and ignoring none". Fairborn, 94 P.3d at 295 (citations and quotation marks omitted); see Westmoreland Coal Co. v. Entech, Inc., 794 N.E.2d 667, 670 (N.Y. 2003) (reading contract "as a harmonious and integrated whole").

Ignoring these principles, SCO bobs and weaves through a selective reading of the GPL to construct an "interpretation" that would nullify the whole structure and plainly expressed intent of that license. Specifically, SCO would have this Court rule that under the terms of the GPL, SCO was permitted to demand license fees from the whole world of Linux users, while itself continuing to enjoy and make use of the no-charge license to Linux (including the IBM Copyrighted Works) that SCO obtained only pursuant to the GPL. 7 That is not what the GPL says. 8

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The overarching intent of the GPL is clearly stated in its Preamble:9 the GPL "is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software -- to make sure the software is free for all its users". (Ex. 128, Preamble ¶ 1; ¶ 3.) The Preamble also emphasizes that the GPL is "designed to make sure that you [the licensee] have the freedom to distribute copies of free software", to access the source code of the licensed software, and to "change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs". (Ex. 128, Preamble ¶ 2; ¶ 3.) And the Preamble states that the GPL protects this freedom by imposing restrictions on the licensee "if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it". (Ex. 128, Preamble ¶3; ¶3.)

The specific, numbered sections of the GPL implement this intent, granting rights to GPL licensees such as SCO -- provided they comply with its prohibitions against imposing restrictions on the exercise of those rights by other GPL licensees:

  • Section 1 grants to every licensee or sublicense under the GPL the right to "copy and distribute verbatim copies of the [Program's] source code as you receive it". (Ex. 128 § 1; Ex. 129 § 1; ¶ 4.) SCO's Linux licensing program purported to prohibit users of SCO's Linux distribution, as well as other Linux licensees, from further "copying and distributing" the Linux source code.
  • Section 2 grants a licensee such as SCO the right to create and distribute derivative works (as SCO did in creating the SCO Linux distributions around the licensed Linux Kernel) -- provided that the derived work "as a whole" (which in this case included the Linux Kernel) must be "licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this license" (Ex. 128 § 2(b) (emphasis added); Ex. 129 § 2(c); ¶ 5.) Yet SCO sought to impose on all users of the Linux Kernel license fees and restrictions incompatible with "the terms of this [GPL] license".

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  • Section 4 states that a licensee such as SCO may not "copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this license". 10 (Ex. 128 § 4 (emphasis added); see Ex. 129 § 8; ¶ 7.) Yet SCO purported to sublicense on, and to impose on Linux sublicensees, terms different (and far more restrictive and burdensome) than those "expressly provided under this license".
  • Section 6 emphasizes that each sublicensee under the GPL "automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these [GPL] terms and restrictions", and provides that one claiming rights under the GPL ["You"] "may not impose any further restriction on the recipient's exercise of the rights granted herein". (Ex. 128 § 6; See Ex. 129 § 10; ¶ 6.) Yet, SCO did purport to impose further restrictions on the rights of Linux licensees.

We review SCO's violations in more detail below. 11

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B. SCO Repeatedly Repudiated and Breached the GPL

1. SCO repeatedly repudiated the GPL, and continues to do so on this motion.

A stated intention to challenge "the viability and life of the license itself constitutes a "distinct and unequivocal refusal to perform under the license, thus causing a material breach, or repudiation, of the contract". Dow Chemical Co. v. United States, 226 F.3d 1334, 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2000). 12 SCO has challenged - and continues to challenge on this motion - the "validity and life" of the GPL.

SCO decided to repudiate the GPL at least as early as August 20, 2003, according to the testimony of its president Mr. Darl McBride. (¶ 18.) In this litigation, SCO has repeatedly repudiated the GPL by asserting, for example, that the GPL is "unenforceable, void/and or voidable" and "violates the U.S. Constitution together with copyright antitrust and export control laws". (¶ 19.) Indeed, even in its brief on this motion, SCO continues to repudiate the GPL by arguing that the GPL is an illegal restraint of trade and might be per se illegal under the antitrust laws. (See SCO Br. at 13-14.)

2. SCO violated the GPL by placing license restrictions on Linux licensees, including its own Linux customers, on terms prohibited by the GPL.

Once the unambiguous language of the GPL has been accurately parsed, SCO's multiple breaches of that license are clear. As set forth in the IBM Copyright Counterclaim Brief, SCO violated the GPL by charging prohibited licensing fees for Linux, imposing an "object code only" restriction on Linux licensees (including, but not limited to, Linux licensees who received

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Linux from SCO13), and purporting to prohibit Linux licensees (including, but not limited to, SCO's own customers) from further sublicensing or distributing Linux. (IBM Copy. Br. at 19-20 & ¶¶ 43-46; ¶¶ 23-24, above.) Each of these restrictions violates the unambiguous language of the GPL:

  • SCO sought to sell, and did sell, "SCO Intellectual Property Licenses for Linux" to Linux licensees who received Linux from distributors other than SCO. (¶¶ 21-24; IBM Copy. Br. ¶¶ 43-44.) Charging licensing fees for Linux -- including components of Linux -- is prohibited by GPL Sections 4 and 2(b). SCO, as a GPL licensee, may only charge other GPL licensees fees "for the physical act of transfening a copy" or for "warranty protection". (Ex. 128 § 1, ¶ 4.) The fees imposed by SCO's "SCO Intellectual Property License for Linux" are fees charged "other than as expressly provided" under the GPL. (Ex. 128 §§ 2(b), 4; ¶¶ 5, 7.) 14
  • SCO purported to limit Linux licensees to only the object code (i.e., machine readable) format. (¶ 22.) SCO purported to impose this restriction on SCO licensees,

    SECTION REDACTED and on other Linux licensees intimidated into accepting a "SCO Intellectual Property License for Linux" (¶¶ 21-23). This restriction violates Sections 4 and 6 of the GPL because all GPL licensees are entitled to use, modify, and distribute Linux source code. (Ex. 128 §§ 1-4, 6; ¶¶ 3-8.) Moreover, SCO purportedly retained for itself the rights to the source code. (¶ 22.) This violates the same provisions, and is inconsistent with the intent of the GPL. As the Preamble to the GPL emphasizes, "if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you

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must give the recipients all the rights that you have". (Ex. 128, Preamble; ¶3.)

  • SCO also purported to prohibit its own Linux sublicensees and other Linux licensees from further sublicensing or distributing Linux. (¶¶ 23- 24.) This restriction also violates the GPL -- including Sections 4 and 6 -- because all GPL licensees are entitled to sublicense and distribute Linux. (Ex. 128 §§ 1-3, 6; ¶¶ 3-8.)

These indisputable violations of the GPL establish that SCO's motion against IBM's counterclaim for breach of the GPL (Sixth Counterclaim) and promissory estoppel (Seventh Counterclaim) must fail. On the contrary, summary judgment as to liability should be granted in IBM's favor on these counterclaims.

II. SCO INFRINGED IBM'S COPYRIGHTS.

SCO seeks summary judgment on IBM's copyright infringement counterclaim (Eighth Counterclaim), on the theory that it was licensed to use, copy, distribute and sublicense IBM's Copyrighted Works, by virtue of the GPL. But once SCO repudiated and breached the GPL, it had no rights under that license, and it never had any rights to the IBM Copyrighted Works from any other source. 15 IBM indisputably owns the copyrights to the IBM Copyrighted Works. (IBM Copy. Br. at 17.) As a result -- and as summarized below and laid out in more detail in the

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IBM Copyright Counterclaim Brief -- SCO's violation of IBM's copyrights follows inescapably from SCO's repudiation and breaches of the GPL. (See IBM Copy. Br. at 20-21.)

A. Because SCO Breached the GPL, its License to the IBM Copyrighted Works Terminated.

1. SCO's license to the IBM Copyrighted Works "automatically terminated" upon its breach.

The language of the GPL is unambiguous with respect to termination of rights. Section 4 provides that "any attempt" to "copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program", "except as expressly provided" under the GPL, "is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License". 16 (Ex. 128 § 4; ¶ 7.) The word "automatic" means "acting or operating in a manner essentially independent of external influence or control" or "self-regulating". Am. Heritage College Dictionary 96 (4th ed. 2004). The phrase "automatically terminates", therefore, indicates that termination becomes effective at the time of "any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program", without requiring or being contingent on any further action by the licensors. Because SCO violated the terms of the GPL in material (and indeed central) ways, any rights it previously had to the IBM Copyrighted Works "automatically terminated" at the time of the violation. 17(¶¶ 4, 25-27.)

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2. SCO knew, or should have known, that its license to the IBM Copyrighted Works had terminated and that it was infringing IBM's copyrights.

SCO suggests in its statement of "undisputed" fact no. 24 that SCO lacked notice of its copyright infringement prior to IBM's filing its counterclaim. On the contrary, SCO was on notice that it was infringing because it knew, or should have known, that its rights under the GPL automatically terminated at the time it violated the GPL.

SCO is an experienced participant in the software industry and historically -- until some time after it launched this lawsuit -- a Linux company. (¶¶ 12-13.) And it is indisputable that SCO had copies of the GPL and regularly licensed software to others under the terms of the GPL prior to 2003. (¶ 13.) Given these facts, SCO cannot credibly assert that it lacked notice that it had violated the GPL and that violating the GPL would terminate its rights under that license. Cf. N.A.S. Imp., Corp. v. Chenson Enters., Inc., 968 F.2d 250, 253 (2d Cir. 1992) (concluding more likely than not that seller of handbags "in a market rife with knock-offs" knew the bags were counterfeit); Fitzgerald Publishing Co., Inc. v. Baylor Publishing Co., 807 F.2d 1110, 1115 (2d Cir. 1986) (concluding that because of position in publishing market as experienced publisher, publisher had constructive notice of his own willful copyright infringement). Certainly, the contrary inference is amply sufficient to defeat summary judgment. SCO,

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therefore, knew or should have known that it was distributing IBM's Copyrighted Works without a license to do so, and was thus infringing IBM's copyrights in those works (as well as copyrights held by many others in other works contributed to and comprising parts of Linux).

B. SCO Continued Copying and Distributing the IBM Copyrighted Works without a License to do so.

Copyright infringement consists of the unauthorized performance of acts (such as copying, modifying, and sublicensing) that the copyright holder has the exclusive right to perform. 17 U.S.C. § 501; Gates Rubber Co. v. Bando. Chem. Indus. Ltd., 9 F.3d 823, 831-32 (10th Cir. 1993). There is no dispute that SCO has repeatedly copied the IBM Copyrighted Works. (¶14.) Nor is there any legitimate dispute that SCO continued to copy the IBM Copyrighted Works after it breached the GPL and thus after its license under the GPL had terminated. (¶¶ 14, 27.) Indeed, SCO continued to copy and distribute Linux on the Internet as recently as August of this year. 18 (¶27.)

C. SCO's Attacks on the Enforceability of the GPL are Without Merit.

SCO's assertions that the GPL is unenforceable are without merit.

First, SCO submits that "public policy" favors protecting intellectual property rights and encouraging settlements. (SCO Br. at 13.) This is true but irrelevant. "Protecting intellectual property" in no way weighs against letting intellectual property owners such as IBM license their property to all at no charge subject to terms such as those provided by the GPL, for the purpose of promoting Free Software -- any more than it precludes patent holders from permitting industry

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participants to practice their inventions on a royalty-free basis, subject to restrictions, for the purpose of promoting industry standards. 19 Nor does the public policy favoring "settlements" empower SCO to create an artificial dispute, and then "settle" that dispute by charging license fees and imposing restrictions in violation of the GPL. Public policy certainly does not favor all "settlements". See, e.g., Cofield v. Ala. Public Service Comm'n, 936 F.2d 512, 516 (11th Cir. 1991) (affirming district court dismissal of suit by pro-se litigant found to be "a con-artist who sought to use the legal system to extort settlements from unsuspecting parties").

Second SCO suggests (as it has previously claimed explicitly) that the GPL violates the antitrust laws. (See SCO Br. at 13-14; ¶¶ 18-19.) The Seventh Circuit recently rejected SCO's position and concluded: "The GPL and open-source software have nothing to fear from the antitrust laws". Wallace v. Int'l Bus. Mach. Corp., No. 06-2454, -F.3d-, slip op. at 5-6 (7th Cir. Oct. 26, 2006) (Ex. A hereto) (rejecting arguments that the GPL restrains trade and constitutes illegal "price fixing"). The only other U.S. courts that have spoken to the competitive implications of the GPL, including the district court affirmed in Wallace, similarly have rejected SCO's position. Those courts concluded that the GPL "encourages, rather than discourages, free competition" and benefits consumers. Wallace v. Free Software Foundation, No. 05-0618, 2006

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WL 2038644, at *3 (S.D. Ind. Mar. 20,2006) (Ex. B hereto); see Wallace v. Int'l Bus. Mach. Corp., No. 05-678, 2006 WL 1344055, at *2 (S.D. Ind. May 16, 2006) (Ex. C hereto). Moreover, SCO cites no evidence -- expert or otherwise -- that would permit summary judgment in its favor on this basis.

III. SCO'S GPL VIOLATIONS HARMED, AND CONTINUE TO HARM, IBM.

Finally, SCO is wrong in asserting that IBM was not damaged by SCO's conduct -- and that SCO is thus entitled to summary judgment on IBM's Sixth Counterclaim (breach of the GPL) and Seventh Counterclaim (promissory estoppel). (See SCO Br. at 5 n.1; SCO's Mem. in Support of Its Motion for Summary Judgment on IBM's Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Counterclaim at 12-15.)

A. SCO Financially Damaged IBM, and IBM is In Any Event Entitled to Nominal Damages.

SCO's GPL violations entitle IBM to at least nominal damages on the Sixth Counterclaim for breach of the GPL. See Bair v. Axiom Design LLC 20 P.3d 388, 392 (Utah 2001) (explaining that it is "well settled" that nominal damages are recoverable upon breach of contract); Kronos, Inc. v. AVX Corp., 612 N.E.2d 289, 292 (N.Y. 1993) ("Nominal damages are always available in breach of contract action".). Thus, SCO's footnoted damages argument is no basis for summary judgment as to liability. Moreover, IBM has proffered expert evidence that it was financially damaged by SCO's violations of the GPL.

First, as IBM expert Professor J. R. Kearl will testify at trial, under the methodology of SCO's own experts (offered in support of SCO's affirmative case), IBM has suffered quantifiable damages resulting from SCO's wrongful conduct, including its GPL violations. (¶ 28; Ex. 591 ¶¶ 1.C, 33-34.)

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Second, it is the opinion of Professor Kearl, based upon the detailed analysis presented in his reports,

SECTION: REDACTED

Professor Kearl has determined, and will opine at trial using the methodology set out in his expert reports,

SECTION REDACTED

These opinions, together with the facts and data upon which they are based, and the other opinions expressed by Professor Kearl, present a reasonable and reliable opinion that is sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact as to IBM's damages. This is especially so when this evidence is considered in the light most favorable to IBM, as it must be on SCO's motion for summary judgment. See e.g., Spirit Airlines, Inc. v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., 431 F.3d 917, 931 (6th Cir, 2005). 21

B. IBM is Entitled to Injunctive and Declaratory Relief

Furthermore, even if it were true (as it is not) that IBM has suffered no damage as a result of SCO's GPL violations, summary judgment on these counterclaims would not be appropriate because IBM seeks injunctive and declaratory relief in addition to damages on its Sixth and Seventh Counterclaims. To obtain injunctive relief, IBM must establish: "(1) actual success on

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the merits; (2) irreparable harm unless the injunction is issued; (3) the threatened injury outweighs the harm that the injunction may cause the opposing party; and (4) the injunction, if issued, will not adversely affect the public interest." Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation v. Wagnon, 402 F.3d 1015, 1019 (10th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). IBM has satisfied all four of these factors.

First, IBM has established actual success on the merits by showing that SCO has blatantly and repeatedly repudiated and breached the GPL, and has violated IBM's copyrights by continuing to copy and distribute Linux. (¶¶ 25-28.)

Second, SCO's continued copying of IBM Copyrighted Works -- as recently as August of this year -- demonstrates a likelihood that SCO will continue to breach the GPL and infringe IBM's copyrights. (127.) Where the wrong is copyright infringement, irreparable harm absent an injunction is presumed upon such a showing. See Country Kids 'N City Slicks, Inc. v. Sheen, 77 F.3d 1280, 1288-89 (10th Cir. 1996) (presuming irreparable harm at preliminary injunction stage); see also Concrete Machinery Co. v. Classic Lawn Ornaments, Inc., 843 F.2d 600, 611 (1st Cir. 1988) (same); CBS Broad., Inc. v. EchoStar Comms. Corp., 450 F.3d 505, 517 n.25 (11th Cir. 2006) (presuming irreparable harm at permanent injunction stage).

Moreover, even if SCO were to establish on this motion (as it cannot) that IBM has not demonstrated compensable harm, that would be so only because the damages flowing from SCO's GPL violations are difficult to measure. SCO's violations have cast fear, uncertainty and doubt on the GPL and thereby upended the foundation of IBM's (and other GPL licensors' and licensees') Linux-related businesses, which are built on the free availability of Linux under the GPL. Thus, "irreparable harm" to IBM is established by the fact that it would be difficult to measure the harm or to fashion an adequate remedy at law. See Ticor Title Ins. Co. v. Cohen,

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173 F.3d 63, 69 (2d Cir. 1999) (irreparable harm found where "it would be very difficult to calculate monetary damages that would successfully redress the" loss of business wrought by breach of non-compete agreement); Liveware Publ'g Inc. v. Best Software Inc., Nos. 04-1788, 04-2028, 125 Fed. Appx. 428, 431-433 (not precedential) (3d Cir. Mar. 8, 2005) (Ex. E hereto) (defendant caused irreparable harm to plaintiff's business relationships by threatening plaintiff's business partners and end users with copyright infringement litigation, and actually suing one such partner).

Third, the threatened injury to IBM outweighs the harm that an injunction may cause SCO. Indeed, SCO states no facts on this motion indicating that it would suffer any harm from an injunction. Furthermore, because SCO has violated the GPL -- its only license to the IBM Copyrighted Works -- any "injury" that SCO might suffer if enjoined from further breach of that license should be given no weight at all. See Autoskill, 994 F.2d at 1498 (even "devastating" impact on infringer's business would merit little consideration, as infringer "cannot be permitted to construct its business around infringement" (internal quotation omitted)).

Fourth, an injunction will advance, not harm, the public interest. The GPL protects not just the copyrights of IBM and other GPL licensors, but also GPL licensees and end users of software developed under the Free Software model. (See ¶¶ 1-2.) The public interest factor, therefore, weighs in favor of the issuance of an injunction because an injunction will (1) uphold copyright protections, see Autoskill, 994 F.2d at 1499, and (2) protect the public interest in the GPL and Free Software, cf. Wallace v. Free Software Foundation, No. 05-0618, 2006 WL 2038644, at *3 (noting benefits to consumers of GPL); Wallace v. Int'l Bus. Mach. Corp., No. 05-678, 2006 WL 1344055, at *2 (same).

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Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, SCO's motion for partial summary judgment dismissing IBM's Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Counterclaims must be denied.

DATED this 10th day of November, 2006.

SNELL & WILMER L.L.P.

_________[Signature]____
Alan L. Sullivan
Todd M. Shaughnessy
Amy F. Sorenson

CRAVATH, SWAINE & MOORE LLP
Evan R. Chesler
Roger G. Brooks
David R. Marriott

Attorneys for Defendant/Counterclaim-Plaintiff International Business Machines Corporation

Of Counsel:

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION
Alec S. Berman
[Address]
[Telephone]

Attorneys for Defendant/Counterclaim-Plaintiff International Business Machines Corporation

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CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

I hereby certify that on the 11th day of November, 2006, a true and correct copy of the foregoing was served by electronic mail, pursuant to the agreement of the parties, on the following:

Brent O. Hatch
HATCH, JAMES & DODGE, P.C.
[Address]
[Email]

Edward Normand
BOIES, SCHILLER & FLEXNER, LLP
[Address]
[Email]

______[Signature]______

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CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

I hereby certify that on the 22nd day of November, 2006, a true and correct copy of the foregoing was electronically filed with the Clerk of the Court and delivered by CM/ECF system to the following:

Brent O. Hatch
Mark F. James
HATCH, JAMES & DODGE, P.C.
[Address]

Stephen N. Zack
Mark J. Heise
BOIES, SCHILLER & FLEXNER LLP
[Address]

/s/ Todd M. Shaughnessy

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1 Indeed, for the reasons set forth in IBM's Memorandum in Support of Its Motion for Summary Judgment on Its Claim for Copyright Infringement (IBM's Eighth Counterclaim), the Court should instead grant summary judgment that SCO is liable for copyright infringement on IBM's Eighth Counterclaim, and the Court should enjoin SCO from any further infringement of IBM's copyrights.

2 IBM herein refers to its Memorandum in Support of Its Motion for Summary Judgment on Its Claim for Copyright Infringement (IBM's Eighth Counterclaim) (Docket No. 784) as "IBM Copyright Counterclaim Brief" or "IBM Copy. Br."

3 A variant of the GPL, the "Lesser General Public License" ("LGPL'), controls certain of IBM's Copyrighted Works, but is not different from the GPL in any way relevant to the present motion. It is explained more fully at IBM Copy. Br. ¶ 7. "GPL" is used herein to refer collectively to the GPL and/or the LGPL.

4 Relevant paragraph number(s) in the foregoing Material Facts Requiring Denial of SCO's Motion are cited in this Response and in the Argument that follows as "¶___"

5 SCO does not argue that there is an absence of issues of material fact with respect to any element of promissory estoppel. See, e.g., J.R. Simplot Co. v. Sales King Int'l, Inc., 17 P.3d 1100, 1107 (Utah 2000) (stating elements under Utah law); Kaye v. Grossman, 202 F.3d 611, 615 (2d Cir. 2000) (stating elements under New York law). Even with respect to this Seventh Counterclaim, SCO's argument is that it did not breach the GPL. (See SCO Br. at 7.)

6 Utah courts apply the "most significant relationship" analysis described in the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws (1971) to determine the choice of law in contract and other cases. See Waddows v. Amalgamated Sugar Co., 54 P.3d 1054, 1059 (Utah 2002). On this motion, however, the Court need not reach the choice of law issue because Utah law and New York law are in accord on the issues that must be reached to address SCO's sole argument on this motion, namely, that SCO did not breach the GPL. Throughout this brief, IBM cites to both Utah law and New York law.

7 As set forth in the immediately following section, SCO's statement that it did not offer a license to anyone who received Linux from SCO (SCO Br. at 11) is factually false.

8 SCO's statement that, in effect, it is "dangerous" to interpret the GPL only by looking within its four corners and considering each provision in relation to the others not only flies in the face of the unambiguous language of the GPL and standard rules of contract interpretation, it also is not supported by the very cases on which SCO relies. (SCO Br. at 12.) In each case SCO cites -- both of which involve the construction of a treaty or statute, not interpretation of a contract -- the court looked to the intent of the document at issue and concluded that application of the canon of statutory construction "expressio unius est exclusio alterius" was unwarranted where it led to a result inconsistent with the clear intent of the document. See Ford v. United States, 273 U.S. 593, 612-613 (1927) (concluding canon inapplicable because of "palpable incongruity" of resulting interpretation with intent of treaty); Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Okla. v. Nat'l Indian Gaming Comm'n, 327 F.3d. 1019, 1034-35 (10th Cir. 2003) (concluding canon inapplicable because "canon is not particularly useful where legislative history clearly evinces congressional intent"). The intent of the GPL, as expressed in the unambiguous language of that license, is that fees and restrictions not set out in that license are barred. (¶¶ 1-8.)

9 Preambles and other prefatory language in a contract may aid its interpretation. See, e.g., Time Warner Entm't Co. v. Everest Midwest Licensee, 381 F.3d 1039, 1048 (10th Cir. 2004) (applying Kansas law and looking to "premises" section for purpose of agreement); Palmieri v. Allstate Ins. Co., 445 F.3d 179, 188 (2d Cir. 2006) (applying New York law and concluding that if insurance contract were ambiguous, "all doubts would be removed by the preamble to the Agreement").

10 SCO argues that because Section 4 of the GPL "effectively ratifies sublicenses granted prior to the alleged breach, IBM cannot complain that the initial grant was unauthorized". (SCO Br. at 10) Section 4 does no such thing. Section 4 simply provides that SCO's breaches of its obligations under the GPL do not deprive its sublicensees of their own rights under the GPL. This follows from the fact that, by operation of the unambiguous language of the GPL, SCO's Linux "licensees" receive their license to Linux and the IBM Copyrighted Works from IBM itself and others who originally licensed Linux and its component parts under the GPL: "Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based in the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions." (Ex. 128 § 6 (emphasis added); see Ex. 129 § 10.)

11 SCO's interpretation of the GPL as permitting it to charge and restrict all Linux licensees should be rejected for another reason: "a fair and equitable result will be preferred over a harsh and unreasonable one", and "an interpretation that will produce an inequitable result will be adopted only where the contract so expressly and unequivocally so provides that there is no other reasonable interpretation to be given it". Peirce v. Peirce, 994 P.2d 193, 198 (Utah 2000) (citation and quotation marks omitted); see Wingets, Inc. v. Bitters, 500 P.2d 1007, 1010 & n.8 (Utah 1972) (collecting cases); Kahn v. New York Times Co., 503 N.Y.S.2d 561, 566 (N.Y. App. Div. 1986) (rejecting defendant's interpretation as "not only unsupported by the contract language" but "highly inequitable as well"). See generally 11 Williston on Contracts § 32:11 (4th ed. 1990). It would be particularly harsh and unreasonable to interpret the GPL in such a way as to render SCO a "super Linux licensee", able to gain the benefits of the free use of Linux under the GPL while ignoring its conditions and saddling the rest of the Linux world licensed under the GPL with SCO's fees and restrictions.

12 See also Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 250 cmt.b (1981) (stating that "language that under a fair reading 'amounts to a statement of intention not to perform except on conditions which go beyond the contract' constitutes a repudiation") (quoting Comment 2 to Uniform Commercial Code § 2-610).

13 Even if SCO had exempted its own customers from these restrictions (which it did not), SCO would not have escaped a clear violation of the GPL. Among other reasons, Section 2(b) clearly states that when a GPL licensee such as SCO distributes software subject to the GPL, it must license that software under the GPL terms to "all third parties", not simply those that receive the code directly from the distributing party.

14 SCO states that Section 7 of the GPL "expressly contemplates and warns" that Linux is not "beyond the reach of patents, copyrights or other intellectual property". (SCO Br. at 11.) That may be true, but is irrelevant. That the GPL "contemplates" the existence of other intellectual property does not excuse SCO's breach of the conditions to its GPL license. Indeed, Section 7 states that notwithstanding any conditions imposed on a GPL Licensee by intellectual property, those conditions "do not excuse you from the conditions of this License". (¶8.) It further states, "If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all." (¶8.) SCO cannot both breach the GPL and remain licensed under the GPL.

15 SCO's frontal attack on the GPL is ironic and self-defeating: If it were true (and it is not) that the GPL is void, then SCO never had a license to Linux or IBM's Copyrighted Works, and was infringing IBM's copyrights for the entire time period that SCO copied and distributed the IBM Copyrighted Works. As the GPL states, "You are not required to accept this License.... However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the [IBM Copyrighted Works) or [their) derivative works." (Ex. 128 § 5; Ex. 129 § 9; ¶15.)

Indeed, because IBM has licensed the IBM Copyrighted Works only pursuant to the GPL (¶ 10), it would be SCO's burden to prove that a license authorizing its use of the IBM Copyrighted Works exists if the GPL were void (as it is not). See Carson v. Dynegy, Inc., 344 F.3d 446, 451 n. 5 (5th Cir. 2003) (noting that because existence of license is affirmative defense, defendant "bears the burden of proving that such a license exists"); Bourne v. Walt Disney Co., 68 F.3d 621, 631 (2d Cir. 1995) (stating where issue is whether license is held by accused infringer, "it is sensible to place upon [accused infringer] the burden of coming forward with evidence of a license"). See also 3 Nimmer on Copyright § 12.11 (2005). SCO offers no evidence of a license to the IBM Copyrighted Works other than the GPL.

16 See Dennis M. Kennedy, A Primer on Open Source Licensing Legal Issues: Copyright Copyleft, and Copyfuture, 20 St. Louis U. Pub. L. Rev. 345, 360 (2001) (noting that a party's rights under the GPL automatically terminate if it attempts to sublicense works subject to the GPL on terms other than those "expressly provided under the GPL"). (Ex. 576.)

17 The pair of Eleventh Circuit cases cited by SCO -- which apply Florida law -- are inapposite for at least two reasons. (SCO Br. at 10.) First, the cases do not involve licenses with automatic termination provisions. SCO's rights automatically terminated pursuant to GPL § 4 when SCO repudiated and breached the GPL. No additional action by IBM was required to terminate the license. (¶¶4, 25-27.) Second, the recoveries sought by plaintiffs in the cited cases bear no relation to the recovery sought by IBM. In each Florida case, the breach was a failure to pay fees owed, and the plaintiff sought both to recover those fees under the contract and to recover damages for copyright infringement for the same period. Both courts recognized that use of the copyrighted work absent or outside the scope of the license would have supported a claim for copyright damages. See MCA Television Ltd v. Public Interest Corp., 171 F.3d 1265, 1275 (11th Cir. 1999) ("Of course copyright protections remain in the background to ensure that licensees do not use materials in ways that exceed the scope of their licenses."); Jacob Maxwell, Inc. v. Veeck, 110 F.3d 749, 753-54 (11th Cir. 1997) ("This is not a case where payment of JMI's costs and public recognition of authorship were made conditions precedent to the granted right to play. In such a case, absent performance of the conditions, the 'license' would not have issued and the Miracle's public performances of the song would have violated JMI's copyright." (citation omitted)). These courts merely sought to avoid a double recovery on the facts before them, and IBM seeks no double recovery. Furthermore, even if it were true that IBM's contract and copyright claims present a risk of double recovery (as they do not), that would affect the entry of IBM's damage award in the final judgment, not SCO's liability. See Bowers v. Baystate Techs., Inc., 320 F.3d 1317, 1327 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (concluding "entirely appropriate" for district court to permit jury separately to consider and award damages on contract and copyright claims, and affirming reduction of final damage award to prevent double recovery).

18 SCO's infringement is not excused by SCO's purported "obligations to its customers" (as SCO suggests in its statement of "undisputed" facts Nos. 20-22). Why a copyright infringer infringes simply is not relevant to determining liability. See Pinkham v. Sara Lee Corp., 983 F.2d 824, 829 (8th Cir. 1992) (explaining that "the defendant's intent is simply not relevant" Fitzgerald Publ'g Co., Inc. v. Baylor Publ'g Co., Inc., 807 F.2d 1110, 1113 (2d Cir. 1986) ("Even an innocent infringer is liable for infringement.").

19 See, e.g., Silicon Image, Inc. v. Genesis Microchip Inc., 395 F.3d 1358, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (describing patent owner who granted limited royalty-free license to patent claims necessarily infringed by anyone practicing industry standard in order to "foster and develop the standard and have it adopted industry-wide"); Intel Corp. v. VIA Techs., Inc., 319 F.3d 1357, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (noting that Intel granted a limited royalty-free cross-license "to all those interested in complying with an Intel-promulgated industry standard).

Neither case cited by SCO offers any comfort to SCO's attempt to find shelter in a public policy favoring the protection of intellectual property rights -- after its blatant disregard of the intellectual property rights of IBM. See San Huan New Materials High Tech, Inc. v. Int'l Trade Comm'n, 161 F.3d 1347, 1363 (Fed. Cir. 1999); Concrete Machinery Co. v. Classic Lawn Ornaments, Inc., 843 F.2d 600, 612 (1st Cir. 1988) (It is "virtually axiomatic that the public interest can only be served by upholding copyright protections" (citation and quotation marks omitted).). (See IBM Copy. Br. at 22.)

20 As IBM argues elsewhere, attorney fees can constitute compensatory damages when incurred to mitigate the harm caused by a defendant's actionable misconduct. See, e.g., Metro. Opera Assoc. V. Local 100, No. 00-3613, 2005 WL 1712241, at *5-6 (S.D.N.Y. July 19, 2005) (Ex. D hereto) (concluding fees generated during course of mitigating harm from defendant's defamation recoverable notwithstanding "the American Rule" against recovery of attorney fees).

21 IBM further discusses the financial harm wrought by SCO's actions in its Memorandum in Opposition to SCO's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on IBM's Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Counterclaims.


***********************************

Brent O. Hatch (5715)
Mark F. James (5295)
HATCH, JAMES & DODGE
[address, phone, fax]

Stuart H. Singer (admitted pro hac vice)
BOIES, SCHILLER & FLEXNER LLP
[address, phone, fax]

Robert Silver (admitted pro hac vice)
Edward Normand (admitted pro hac vice)
BOIES, SCHILLER & FLEXNER LLP
[address, phone, fax]

Stephen N. Zack (admitted pro hac vice)
BOIES, SCHILLER & FLEXNER LLP
[address, phone, fax]

Attorneys for The SCO Group, Inc.

_____________________________

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF UTAH

_____________________________

THE SCO GROUP,

Plaintiff/Counterclaim-Defendant

v.

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
MACHINES CORPORATION,

Defendant/Counterclaim-Plaintiff

___________________________

SCO'S MEMORANDUM IN SUPPORT
OF ITS MOTION FOR SUMMARY
JUDGMENT ON IBM'S SIXTH,
SEVENTH AND EIGHTH
COUNTERCLAIMS

Case No. 2:03CV0294DAK
Honorable Dale A. Kimball
Magistrate Judge Brooke C. Wells

1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PRELIMINARY STATEMENT 1
STATEMENT OF UNDISPUTED FACTS 2
I. IBM'S COUNTERCLAIMS AND THE GPL 2
II. SCO'S CONDUCT WITH RESPECT TO THE GPL 4
LEGAL STANDARD 7
ARGUMENT 7
I. SCO DID NOT BREACH THE GPL 9
A. Where SCO Has Copied, Distributed or Sublicensed Linux, It Has Done So in Compliance With the GPL 9
B. SCO's Licensing of UNIX Did Not Breach the GPL 11
II. SCO HAS NOT INFRINGED IBM'S COPYRIGHTS 11
A. The GPL Authorized SCO's Re-Distributions of Linux 11
B. Nothing in the GPL Supports IBM's Claim Of Breach and Retroactive Termination 12
C. IBM's Proposed Interpretation of the GPL Would Impermissibly Interfere with Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights and Would Raise Serious Antitrust Concerns 13

2

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

Cases
Page
Allegro Corp. v. Only New Age Music, Inc.,
No. Civ. 01-790-HU, 2003 WL 23571745 (D. Or. Jan. 23, 2003) 8
Bd. Of Dirs. And Officers, Forbes Fed. Credit Union v. Nat'l Credit Union Admin.,
477 F.2d 777 (10th Cir. 1973) 14
Carpenter v. Boeing,
456 F.3d 1183 (10th Cir. 2006) 7
Concrete Mach. Co., Inc. v. Classic Lawn Ornaments, Inc.,
843 F.2d 600 (1st Cir. 1988) 13
Dreiling v. Peugeot Motors of Am., Inc.,
850 F.2d 1373 (10th Cir. 1988) 7
Ford v. United States,
273 U.S. 593 (1927) 12
Foresight Res. Corp. v. Pfortmiller,
719 F. Supp. 1006 (D. Kan. 1989) 8
Gates Rubber Co. v. Bando Chem. Indus., Ltd.,
9 F.3d 823 (10th Cir. 1993) 8
Grady v. de Ville Motor Hotel,
415 F.2d 449 (10th Cir. 1969) 13
Graham v. James,
144 F.3d 229 (2d Cir. 1998) 8
Grundberg v. Upjohn Co.,
140 F.R.D. 459 (D. Utah 1991) 13
Guthart v. White,
263 F.3d 1099 (9th Cir. 2001) 14
Indep. Serv. Orgs. Antitrust Litig.,
964 F. Supp. 1469 (D. Kan. 1997) 8

ii

3

Jacob Maxwell, Inc. v. Veeck,
110 F.3d 749 (11th Cir. 1997)
Justine Realty Co. v. Am. Nat'l Can Co.,
976 F.2d 385 (8th Cir. 1992) 13
Lawmaster v. Ward,
125 F.3d 1341 (10th Cir. 1997) 7
MCA Television, Ltd. v. Public Interest Corp.,
171 F.3d 1265 (11th Cir. 1999) 10
NLRB v. Local 32B-32J Serv. Employees Int'l Union,
353 F.3d 197 (2d Cir. 2003) 14
NYNEX Corp. v. Discon, Inc.,
525 U.S. 128 (1998) 14
San Juan New Materials High Tech, Inc. v. Int'l Trade Comm'n,
161 F.3d 1347 (Fed. Cir. 1998) 13
Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Okla. v. Nat'l Indian Gaming Comm'n,
327 F.3d 1019 (10th Cir. 2003) 12
Stenograph L.L.C. v. Bossard Assocs., Inc.,
144 F.3d 96 (D.C. Cir. 1998) 8
Tolboe Constr. Co. v. Staker Paving & Constr. Co.,
682 P.2d 843 (Utah 1984) 7
United States v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co.,
310 U.S. 150 (1940) 14
Other
Nimmer on Copyright § 10.15[A] at 10-120 (2004) 10
Restatement of Contracts § 90 7

iii

4

Plaintiff, the SCO Group, Inc. ("SCO"), respectfully submits this Memorandum in Support of its Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on IBM's Sixth, Seventh and Eighth Counterclaims ("IBM's Counterclaims").

PRELIMINARY STATEMENT

IBM's Sixth, Seventh and Eighth Counterclaims concern certain programs that IBM licensed for free use under the GNU General Public License and Lesser General Public License (collectively, the "GPL"), and all turn on the allegation that SCO has violated the GPL in seeking to enforce its contractual and intellectual property rights. The Sixth Counterclaim asserts that SCO breached the GPL. The Seventh Counterclaim seeks to recover damages based on IBM's alleged reliance on SCO's promise to not breach the GPL. The Eighth Counterclaim asserts that SCO's distribution of Linux infringed IBM's alleged copyrights on code it released to Linux under the GPL. These Counterclaims all fail as a matter of law because it is undisputed that:

  • Where SCO copied, redistributed or sublicensed Linux, it did so in compliance with the GPL;

  • Nothing in the GPL prohibits SCO from licensing its UNIX technology; and

  • Nothing in the GPL or the case law supports IBM's argument for "retroactive termination" and "retroactive infringement."

SCO further shows below that the GPL should not be read as IBM has read it to interfere with SCO's right to enforce its own intellectual property rights, or to allow a competitor to decide what may be charged for an intellectual property license.

STATEMENT OF UNDISPUTED FACTS

I. IBM'S COUNTERCLAIMS AND THE GPL

1. IBM's Sixth Counterclaim, for breach of the GNU General Public License, alleges that SCO has breached the GPL by "among other things, copying, modifying, sublicensing or distributing programs licensed under the GPL, including IBM contributions, on terms inconsistent with the GPL, and seeking to impose additional restrictions on the recipients of programs licensed under the GPL, including IBM contributions, distributed by SCO." (IBM's 2d Am. Counterclaims ¶ 145.) The counterclaim also alleges that SCO's license under the GPL "terminated" because of this alleged breach. (IBM's 2d Am. Counterclaims ¶ 146.)

2. IBM's Seventh Counterclaim, for promissory estoppel, seeks to recover damages resulting from IBM's reliance on SCO's promise not to breach the GPL. (IBM's 2d Am. Counterclaims ¶¶ 148-53.)

3. IBM's Eighth Counterclaim, for copyright infringement, alleges that SCO has infringed upon IBM's copyrights by "copying, modifying, sublicensing and/or distributing Linux products except as expressly provided under the GPL." (IBM's 2d Am. Counterclaims ¶ 159.)

4. Section 0 of the GPL (Ex. A) provides: "Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this license; they are outside of its scope."

5. Section 0 further states: "This License applies to any program . . . which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License." It is undisputed that IBM placed such a notice with respect to the code it added to Linux, and that SCO never placed such a notice on any code in Linux.

6. Under the GPL, a licensee may charge a fee for its distribution of GPL licensed software. (GPL Preamble ¶¶ 2, 4; GPL § 1.)

6

7. Section 1 of the GPL authorizes the general public to copy and distribute verbatim copies of the source code of the licensed program, subject to certain notice publication requirements. (GPL § 1.) SCO complied with all of these requirements in all of its Linux distributions. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 9; (Ex. B); Hughes Dep. (5/11/04) at 67 (Ex. C); Sontag Dep (5/12/04) at 211 (Ex. D).)

8. Section 2 of the GPL states that if a licensee modifies the licensed work, the modified work must be licensed at no charge. (GPL § 2.) SCO never modified any of IBM's contributions to Linux. (Sontag Decl. (Ex. E) ¶ 31.) In contrast to Section 2 (which authorizes the copying of modified works), Section 1 (which authorizes verbatim copying) does not require no-charge licensing. (GPL §§ 1-2.)

9. Section 3 of the GPL authorizes the general public to copy and distribute verbatim copies of the licensed program in object code or executable form, subject to the condition that it be accompanied by the source code or by an offer to provide the source code. (GPL § 3.) SCO complied with these conditions in all of its Linux distributions. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 9; Hughes Dep. (5/11/04) at 67; Sontag Dep. at 211.)

10. Nothing in the GPL prohibits the licensing of other intellectual property that may pertain to the Program. In fact, Section 7 of the GPL contemplates that "the Program" may implicate other intellectual property rights. (GPL § 7.)

11. Section 3 of the GPL does not prohibit a licensee from charging "royalty or licensing fees" on the licensed works. Section 3 does not mention fees or royalties. (GPL § 3.)

12. Section 3 of the GPL requires that a party who distributes copies of works subject to the GPL in executable form, provide the customer "with the complete corresponding machine-

7

readable source code" on a "medium customarily used for software interchange" or with an offer to provide the code at cost. (GPL § 3.)

13. Section 4 of the GPL states that a licensee's use of licensed material beyond the scope of the License will "automatically terminate" the licensee's rights under the License, but it does not say when such a termination becomes effective, and it provides no mechanism by which the licensee is put on notice of an alleged unauthorized use of the licensed material. (GPL § 4.)

14. GPL Section 6 states that each time a licensee redistributes "the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. [The licensee] may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein." (GPL § 6.)

II. SCO'S CONDUCT WITH RESPECT TO THE GPL

15. SCO copied and distributed the Linux kernel and other related Linux software for years prior to 2003, when SCO discovered that IBM and others had misappropriated SCO's copyrighted UNIX code by contributing it to Linux without SCO's approval. On May 14, 2003, SCO suspended all sales and marketing of its entire Linux product line. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 3; Hughes Dep. (3/2/06) at 179, 186 (Ex. F); Hughes Dep. (5/11/04) at 16, 37, 48, 51.)

16. In light of the legal issues arising from the misappropriation, SCO began offering its Intellectual Property License for UNIX (the "UNIX License") for sale beginning on August 5, 2003. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 6.) The UNIX License is a license of SCO's UNIX software, not a license or sublicense of Linux or of any IBM-copyrighted work. (Hughes Dep. (3/2/06) at 181-82; Sontag Decl. ¶ 30.)

8

17. SCO has never attempted to license or sublicense Linux or any IBM copyrighted work, or any other GPL-licensed source code. (Sontag Decl. ¶ 30.) SCO offered its UNIX License, beginning in August 2003, because SCO believes IBM had misappropriated SCO's proprietary material and contributed that material into Linux. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 6.)

18. SCO has not sought to collect royalties or licensing fees for any of IBM's allegedly copyrighted works. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 9; Sontag Decl. ¶ 30.)

19. SCO has not attempted to sell a UNIX License to anyone who received a Linux distribution from SCO. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 8.)

20. SCO distributed SCO Linux Server 4.0 for less than six months, from November 19, 2002, until May 14, 2003. (Hughes Decl. ¶¶ 2-3; Hughes Dep. (3/2/06) at 186; Hughes Dep. (5/11/04) at 16, 37, 57.) Once SCO arrived at the conclusion that Linux was tainted with misappropriated material, SCO suspended its sales of Linux products pending clarification of the intellectual property issues. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 3; Hughes Dep. (3/2/06) at 179, 186; Sontag Dep. (5/12/04) (Ex. E) at 208-09.) After May 14, 2003, SCO entered into no further obligations to sell SCO Linux Server 4.0 or any other Linux product. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 3; Hughes Dep. (5/11/04) at 53.) SCO made limited post-May 14 sales to customers in consideration of its obligations to its customers. (Hughes Decl. ¶¶ 3-5; Hughes Dep. (3/2/06) at 188-89; Hughes Dep. (5/11/04) at 72-73; Sontag Decl. ¶¶ 12-14; Sontag Dep. (5/12/04) at 221-23.) The last sale of Linux Server 4.0 was on May 31, 2004. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 4; Hughes Dep. (11/1/05) at 60 (Ex. G).) All of SCO's Linux distributions (both prior to and after May 2003) were made under the GPL, with no charge of any nature for royalties or licensing fees. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 9.)

21. In accordance with its obligations, SCO continued to provide its Linux customers with internet access to files containing Linux source code and enhancements thereto. SCO

9

stored these files on its computers, which its customers could access via the internet. In accordance with its agreement with the UnitedLinux consortium, SCO provided customers who purchased SCO Linux Server 4.0 with a password to enter at a log-in screen on SCO's download site so that only they would have access. (Hughes Dep. (3/2/06) at 195; Hughes Dep. (11/1/05) at 37-38; Sontag Decl. ¶¶ 17-19.)

22. SCO permitted access to Linux source code files via its website after August 5, 2003, because of SCO's pre-existing contractual obligations with its customers and with the UnitedLinux consortium. (Hughes Dep. (3/2/06) at 190-91, 194; Sontag Decl. ¶ 17-19.) SCO complied by making the source code available to its customers on its website. SCO removed all Linux-related code from its website promptly after expiration of the last of its contractual commitments, on December 31, 2004. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 11; Hughes Dep. (3/2/06) at 191, 194; Hughes Dep. (11/1/05) at 37-38, 121; Sontag Decl. ¶ 17.)

23. SCO suspended its Linux distribution activities in May 2003 (Hughes Decl. ¶ 3; Hughes Dep. (3/2/06) at 186,), months before it began selling the UNIX License in August of 2003. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 6.) This suspension was also months before IBM registered any of the sixteen alleged copyrights. (IBM Mem. in Supp. of IBM's Mot. for Partial Summ. J. on Its Eighth Counterclaim (8/16/04) ¶ 8.)

24. Prior to the filing of its Counterclaim on August 6, 2003, IBM never provided SCO with any notice of its claim that SCO's rights under the GPL had terminated or that SCO was infringing its copyrights. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 12.)

25. SCO never repudiated the GPL, and it always endeavored to comply with its GPL obligations. (Hughes Decl. ¶ 9; Hughes Dep. (3/2/06) at 200-01; Sontag Dep. (5/12/04) at 211.)

10

LEGAL STANDARD

Summary judgment should be granted if "the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Carpenter v. Boeing, 456 F.3d 1183, 1192 (10th Cir. 2006) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)). An "issue of material fact is genuine only if the nonmovant presents facts such that a reasonable jury could find in favor of the nonmovant." Id (quoting Lawmaster v. Ward, 125 F.3d 1341, 1347 (10th Cir.1997)).

ARGUMENT

Summary judgment is appropriate on IBM's Sixth Counterclaim, unless IBM demonstrates a genuine issue of material fact as to the existence of a breach of the GPL. See Dreiling v. Peugeot Motors of Am., Inc., 850 F.2d 1373, 1378 (10th Cir. 1988). In its Seventh Counterclaim, IBM alleges that it relied on SCO's promise not to breach the GPL. Accordingly, in order to survive summary judgment on this counterclaim, IBM must demonstrate an issue of fact as to the existence of a breach of the GPL. See Tolboe Constr. Co. v. Staker Paving & Const. Co., 682 P.2d 843, 845-46 (Utah 1984) (addressing elements of a promissory estoppel claim under Utah state law). Restatement of Contracts § 90 (allowing remedy for "breach" of promise "as justice requires"). 1

11

In order to prevail on its Eighth Counterclaim, IBM bears the burden of proving that SCO violated the Copyright Act. See Allegro Corp. v. Only New Age Music, Inc., No. Civ. 01-790-HU, 2003 WL 23571745, at *10 (D. Or. Jan. 23, 2003) (Ex. 1); Indep. Serv. Orgs. Antitrust Litig., 964 F. Supp. 1469, 1472 (D. Kan. 1997). This requires proof that SCO's actions were unauthorized. See Gates Rubber Co. v. Bando Chem. Indus., Ltd., 9 F.3d 823, 832 (10th Cir. 1993) ("Once the plaintiff has shown that it holds a valid copyright, it must next prove that the defendant unlawfully appropriated protected portions of the copyrighted work."); Foresight Res. Corp. v. Pfortmiller, 719 F. Supp. 1006, 1011 (D. Kan. 1989) ("In general, a prima facie case of copyright infringement consists of proof that the plaintiff owns a valid copyright and the defendant has engaged in unauthorized copying."). IBM bears the burden of proving that SCO violated the GPL. See Allegro, 2003 WL 23571745, at *10 ("To prevail on their counterclaim of copyright infringement under a license, defendants must prove 1) ownership of copyright, and 2) `copying' of protectible expression beyond the scope of the license."); see also Graham v. James, 144 F.3d 229, 236 (2d Cir. 1998) (noting that "the copyright owner bears the burden of proving that the defendant's copying was unauthorized under the license"); Stenograph L.L.C. v. Bossard Assocs., Inc., 144 F.3d 96, 99 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (explaining copyright plaintiff must prove defendant's copying of protected expression exceeded scope of "the license possessed by the defendant").

12

I. SCO DID NOT BREACH THE GPL

IBM's Sixth and Seventh Counterclaims fail as a matter of law because SCO did not breach the GPL. 2 First, where SCO has copied and re-distributed Linux, it has done so in compliance with the requirements of the GPL. Second, nothing in the GPL which by its very terms is limited to "copying, distribution and modification" of Linux precludes SCO from issuing licenses to its UNIX software.

A. Where SCO Has Copied, Distributed or Sublicensed Linux, It Has Done So in Compliance With the GPL.

SCO's copying, distribution and sublicensing of Linux which activity ended in May 2003 complied with the terms of the GPL. Section 1 of the GPL allows licensees to "copy and distribute verbatim copies of the [licensed] Program's source code as [the licensee] receive[s] it, in any medium" without requiring the licensee to grant any rights to third parties. The only conditions imposed on a licensee exercising the right to distribute verbatim copies are that the licensee "publish an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to [the GPL] and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the [covered] Program a copy of [the GPL] along with the [covered] Program." It is undisputed that SCO complied with these requirements. SCO's distribution included 2 compact disks: one with SCO's proprietary material and one with material from OpenLinux.

IBM has previously argued that SCO's efforts to license its UNIX software which started in August 2003 somehow violated the GPL, and thereby retroactively terminated SCO's right to copy, distribute and sublicense Linux under the GPL, and retroactively turned SCO's

13

lawful activity under the GPL into acts of copyright infringement. IBM's argument is meritless for a number of reasons.

First, as set forth below, SCO's actions in licensing UNIX are not prohibited by the GPL.

Second, nothing in the GPL supports the concept of retroactive termination. And the cases do not support IBM's argument either. The copyright cases expressly discussing the issue have rejected the notion of "retroactive" breach, termination and infringement. In MCA Television, Ltd. v. Public Interest Corp., 171 F.3d 1265 (11th Cir. 1999), for example, the court explained:

The notion that MCA had the power retroactively to rescind the contract makes a mockery of that contractual agreement and would put any contracting party in PIC's position in terror of upsetting the licensor in any way for fear of being declared in breach, having the contracted-for licenses "retroactively revoked," and being sued both for breach of contract and in copyright for statutory damages that can far outweigh contractually negotiated licensing fees.

Id at 1274 n.8; see also Jacob Maxwell, Inc. v. Veeck, 110 F.3d 749, 753 (11th Cir. 1997) (holding that one party's breach does not automatically rescind a contract simply because that breach might give the other party the right to rescind); 3 Melvin B. Nimmer, Nimmer on Copyright § 10.15[A] at 10-120 (2004) ("[T]he license is terminated and the copyright proprietor may hold his former grantee liable as an infringer for subsequent use of the work. Failing such rescission . . . the grant continues in place . . . until such time as the copyright owner exercises his entitlement to rescind.").

Third, Section 4 of the GPL provides that in the event of a licensee's breach and termination, sublicenses previously granted by the licensee remain in full force and effect. Since the GPL effectively ratifies sublicenses granted prior to the alleged breach, IBM cannot complain that the initial grant was unauthorized.

14

B. SCO's Licensing of UNIX Did Not Breach the GPL.

Nothing in the GPL prohibits SCO from licensing UNIX. Nothing in the GPL warrants that Linux is beyond the reach of patents, copyrights or other intellectual property. To the contrary, Section 7 of the GPL expressly contemplates and warns of that possibility. Even if a license to SCO's UNIX intellectual property were necessary to the use the of Linux, nothing in the GPL prohibits SCO from offering such a license. (SCO has not offered a UNIX license to anyone who received Linux from SCO. There can be no argument that SCO has violated Section 6 of the GPL by imposing further restrictions on any party to who received Linux from SCO.)

II. SCO HAS NOT INFRINGED IBM'S COPYRIGHTS

IBM's Eighth Counterclaim for copyright infringement is based on the argument that SCO some how breached the GPL in August 2003, and that this rendered SCO's prior redistribution of Linux retroactively unlawful. IBM's claim fails for at least three reasons. First, SCO's redistribution of Linux is authorized by the GPL. Second, nothing in the GPL supports IBM's claim of breach and retroactive termination/infringement. Third, under Tenth Circuit law, because Linux is an infringing derivative work of SCO's UNIX System V, IBM cannot assert rights in Linux against SCO.

A. The GPL Authorized SCO's Re-Distributions of Linux.

IBM's copyright infringement claim is based on SCO re-distribution of Linux. The GPL grants the public at large "freedom to distribute copies" of the software licensed by it and to "charge for this service if [the licensee] wish[es]." (GPL Preamble ¶ 2.) Section 1 of the GPL authorizes the public to "copy and distribute verbatim copies" of source code licensed thereunder, subject only to certain notice publication requirements. (GPL § 1.) SCO complied with these requirements, and thus was entitled to copy any material IBM licensed under the GPL.

15

Section 1 also expressly permits the charging of fees for transfer of the software and for warranty protection. There is nothing in the GPL to indicate that other types of fees are prohibited. Such a reading of the GPL would be inappropriate and even "dangerous" in the construction of contracts and statutes. Ford v. United States, 273 U.S. 593, 612 (1927); Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Okla. v. Nat'l Indian Gaming Comm'n, 327 F.3d 1019, 1034-35 & n. 26 (10th Cir. 2003). In addition, Section 2(b), which prohibits licensing fees where the licensee distributes modified works, shows that the drafters knew how to write a fee prohibition where such was intended.

Section 3 authorizes a party to copy and distribute the licensed works verbatim in object code or executable form under the terms of Section 1, as long as the party accompanies it with the source code or with an offer to provide the source code. SCO has complied fully with this condition. IBM does not dispute the fact that the material it allegedly owned was copied and distributed verbatim. Section 3 allows a licensee to comply by "offering access to copy from a designated place" (such as an internet site). The undisputed evidence shows that SCO offered customers access to Linux source code files that contain verbatim copies of IBM's allegedly copyrighted material via SCO's website.

SCO complied with all of the GPL's requirements and therefore was authorized to distribute all of the works allegedly copyrighted by IBM that IBM contributed to Linux.

B. Nothing in the GPL Supports IBM's Claim Of Breach and Retroactive Termination.

As noted above, IBM's claim that SCO somehow breached the GPL by licensing UNIX finds no support in the GPL. Nothing in the GPL prohibits SCO from licensing its intellectual property. Even if there were a breach, nothing in the GPL supports the concept of retroactive termination. To the contrary, Section 4 of the GPL provides that in the event of a licensee's

16

breach and termination, sublicenses previously granted by that licensee remain in full force and effect. Since the GPL effectively ratifies sublicenses granted prior to the alleged breach, IBM cannot complain that the initial grant was unauthorized. The premise of IBM's copyright infringement claim breach of the GPL and retroactive termination fail as a matter of law.

C. IBM's Proposed Interpretation of the GPL Would Impermissibly Interfere with Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights and Would Raise Serious Antitrust Concerns.

1. The GPL Should Not Be Read to Interfere with SCO's Right to Enforce Its Own Intellectual Property Rights.

The above arguments easily suffice to resolve the pending motions, but there are additional reasons why IBM's position must be rejected. Nothing in the GPL expressly forbids a party from licensing its own software or entering into settlements to resolve potential infringement of such rights. Any construction of the GPL to do so should be rejected as inconsistent with the public policy in favor of protecting intellectual property, San Juan New Materials High Tech, Inc. v. Int'l Trade Comm'n, 161 F.3d 1347, 1363 (Fed. Cir. 1998); Concrete Mach. Co., Inc. v. Classic Lawn Ornaments, Inc., 843 F.2d 600, 612 (1st Cir. 1988), as well as the public policy favoring and encouraging settlements, Grady v. de Ville Motor Hotel, 415 F.2d 449, 451 (10th Cir. 1969); Grundberg v. Upjohn Co., 140 F.R.D. 459, 468 (D. Utah 1991); see also Justine Realty Co. v. Am. Nat'l Can Co., 976 F.2d 385, 391 (8th Cir. 1992).

2. The GPL Should Not Be Read to Allow a Competitor to Regulate What May Be Charged for an Intellectual Property License.

In previously arguing that SCO breached the GPL by collecting "royalties and licensing fees in excess the fees permitted by the GPL," IBM has sought in essence an interpretation for the GPL fixes limits on the amounts that may be charged for unmodified works, even though the parties to the agreement are competitors. Agreements between competitors that fix a maximum

17

price that may be charged for products are per se illegal under antitrust law. NYNEX Corp. v. Discon, Inc., 525 U.S. 128, 133 (1998); United States v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., 310 U.S. 150, 218 (1940).

In addition to its inapplicability shown above, Section 2 (the only GPL provision requiring licensing "at no charge") is illegal and unenforceable. The general counsel for the Open Source Initiative acknowledges in his recent treatise: "There is also a problem that may prevent enforcement of the GPL's "at no charge" provision. It may be an illegal restraint of trade in some countries. Ordinarily, companies are allowed to set their own prices, and it is improper for a GPL licensor to restrain that any way." L. Rosen, Open Source Licensing 132 (2004), available at http://www.phptr.com/ content/ images/ 0131487876/ samplechapter/ 0131487876_ch06.pdf.

It is a "well settled principle that where a contract is susceptible of two interpretations, preference will be given to the interpretation which does not violate the law." Bd. of Dirs. and Officers, Forbes Fed. Credit Union v. Nat'l Credit Union Admin., 477 F.2d 777, 784 (10th Cir. 1973); accord NLRB v. Local 32B-32J Serv. Employees Int'l Union, 353 F.3d 197, 202 (2d Cir. 2003); Guthart v. White, 263 F.3d 1099, 1104 (9th Cir. 2001). Accordingly, the Court should not construe the GPL as IBM suggests.

18

CONCLUSION

SCO respectfully submits, for the reasons set forth above, that the Court should grant SCO's motion for partial summary judgment and dismiss the Sixth, Seventh and Eighth Counterclaims.

/s/ Brent O. Hatch
HATCH, JAMES & DODGE, P.C.
Brent O. Hatch
Mark F. James

BOIES, SCHILLER & FLEXNER LLP
Robert Silver (admitted pro hac vice)
Stephen N. Zack (admitted pro hac vice)
Stuart H. Singer (admitted pro hac vice)
Edward Normand (admitted pro hac vice)

Attorneys for The SCO Group, Inc.

19

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

Plaintiff, The SCO Group, Inc. hereby certifies that a true and correct copy of the foregoing SCO's Memorandum in Support of the foregoing SCO's Motion for Summary Judgment on IBM's Sixth, Seventh and Eighth Counterclaims was served on defendant International Business Machines Corporation on the 25th day of September, 2006, by CM/ECF to the following:

David Marriott, Esq.
Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP
[address]

Donald J. Rosenberg, Esq.
[address]

Todd Shaughnessy, Esq.
Snell & Wilmer L.L.P.
[address]

/s/ Brent O. Hatch

20


1 Summary judgment is also appropriate on the Sixth and Seventh Counterclaims because IBM has not incurred any compensable harm as a result of SCO's alleged conduct. In this regard, SCO incorporates by reference Part III of its Memorandum in Support of Its Motion for Summary Judgment on IBM's Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Counterclaims (9/25/06). J.R. Kearl, IBM's expert on alleged counterclaim damages, does not separately address counts Six and Seven in his analysis. (Kearl Report, 5/19/06, at 3 note 1, attached to above-cited memorandum.) It is inconceivable that SCO's alleged conduct (the leaving of Linux code on SCO's website after SCO's right to distribute Linux was purportedly terminated) could have caused IBM the slightest harm, particularly since Linux is available for free download on many non-SCO websites.

2 As an initial matter, it is not at all clear that IBM has standing or the authority to sue SCO for any alleged violation of the GPL. By addressing IBM's arguments, SCO does not concede that IBM has any such standing or authority.


  


The GPL, Stage Front and Center - IBM Answers SCO's Attack | 459 comments | Create New Account
Comments belong to whoever posts them. Please notify us of inappropriate comments.
Off Topic Here
Authored by: jplatt39 on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 06:56 AM EST
Read the Important Stuff at the bottom of the page.

[ Reply to This | # ]

Corrections Here
Authored by: jplatt39 on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 06:57 AM EST
If any

[ Reply to This | # ]

SCO's lies
Authored by: Aim Here on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 07:30 AM EST
Looking at the SCO memorandum at the end, I'm still somewhat disgusted at the
way SCO has retitled it's 'Intellectual Property Compliance License for Linux'
as an 'Intellectual Property License for UNIX', even though nobody on the planet
had heard that phrase until SCO filed the memo.

Can't the judge deduct some brownie points from SCO's lawyers for blatantly
misrepresenting documents like this? I notice that a copy of the bogo-license is
conspicuously missing from the list of SCO's exhibits for this PSJ...

[ Reply to This | # ]

Nature of the GPL
Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 07:34 AM EST
Its completely clear that the GPL dont violate any rights
(like, antitrust laws) of someone.

The GPL is, essentially, a concretization of the human and
basical right, to give a gift - give an object or make a
service gratuitly - and to put a condition on this
donation - such like that the receiver can give it
under 'the same condition' to thirds, where that condition
in fact is essentially empty (because it just contains
nothing and only forbids that the receiver put in more
conditions).

In opposite, SCO and M$ tries to establish, that nobody
would have the right to give something gratuitly to
someone, but that everybody would to have to buy his
needs, alias, from them. They understand that they have
a 'natural right' that each person, for can live under
dignity inclusive his human right to get anything and to
participate on the progress, would have to pay a kind
of 'head money' or 'existing fee' to M$/SCO.

[ Reply to This | # ]

So long to come back to where we started
Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 08:10 AM EST
Years go by, seasons come and go and ...

After all that FUD and mountians of discovery, we are back with pretty much the
same arguments we started with.

The only real difference is now, some of SCO's smoke and mirrors claims have had
to crystillize into hard reallity ... and the trouble with crystals is that
quite often you can see straight through them.

As I read the above claims, counterclaims and defences, its all pretty clear. I
can see in my minds eye the terrible position the Judge is in now ... SCO have
blow all the trumpets and raised a giant edifice of a lawsuit, if he knocks it
flat down he has to be certain ...

After this I think he will be certain.

This is pretty much the end of it I think. Bothe side s have had their say, the
evidence, claims and counterclaims are in.

What happens next then? orla argument? whens that? I this the January court date
or the late december one?

Sure looks like its going to be fun :)

[ Reply to This | # ]

SCO "Bobs & Weaves through the GPL"
Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 08:19 AM EST
You have to smile at this bit of the above doc
"Ignoring these principles, SCO bobs and weaves through a selective reading
of the GPL
to construct an "interpretation" that would nullify the whole
structure and plainly expressed
intent of that license. Specifically, SCO would have this Court rule that under
the terms of the
GPL, SCO was permitted to demand license fees from the whole world of Linux
users, while
itself continuing to enjoy and make use of the no-charge license to Linux
(including the IBM
Copyrighted Works) that SCO obtained only pursuant to the GPL.7 That is not what
the GPL
says.8"

Keep on IBM. The end (for SCO) is indeed nigh.

[ Reply to This | # ]

Violate copyrights and you are a pirate
Authored by: SilverWave on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 08:28 AM EST
It all comes down to SCO respecting others copyrights and property.

Either they do are the don't.

The only way to legally use Linux is by availing yourself of the GPL.. This
License is granted only if you follow its conditions...

It you choose not to follow the License conditions then you need to prove that
you have the author's permission to use the Linux code...

If you cant do this then you are a pirate...
... go to jail, go directly to jail, do not pick up your $200^H^H^H4 billion.



---
GPLv3 *OR LATER* has been vindicated
The "OR LATER" is vital
A GPL set in stone will be eroded over time. -SilverWave

[ Reply to This | # ]

The GPL, Stage Front and Center - IBM Answers SCO's Attack
Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 09:08 AM EST
I. SCO DID NOT BREACH THE GPL

IBM’s Sixth and Seventh Counterclaims fail as a matter of law because SCO did
not breach the GPL.

First, where SCO has copied and re-distributed Linux, it has done so in
compliance with the requirements of the GPL.

Second, nothing in the GPL – which by its very terms is limited to “copying,
distribution and modification” of Linux – precludes SCO from issuing licenses to
its UNIX software.

This is an excellent example of the legal 'tap dancing' by SCO that we have come
to know and love here.

Firstly SCO has no right to issue new licences to "its" Unix software.
The ownership of Unix is also before the court so this point is disputable. SCO
was explicitly excluded from issuing new licences by its agreement with Novell.


Secondly SCO is confounding the truth here. It is true that at one time SCO did
distribute Linux in accord with the GPL. They ceased to do so. Hence the claim
in court.

There is a logical disjoint between the statements. Both might be true in part
but they bear no relation to each other.

These statements might be true in part because it may yet turn out that SCO
actually do own Unix - improbable as that seems now and that if this is so
Novell were unable to prevent SCO from issuing new licences. The second is true
in part because it is true that SCO did at one time distribute Linux under the
GPL.

There is also something that caught my eye here in the IBM reply.

SCO claim that they were required to continue to distribute the Linux code
because of contract(s) they had with third parties. This is interesting. If SCO
were in breach of the GPL as IBM assert to keep their end of the contact they
should have engaged in negociations with IBM to allow them to continue the
distribution of Linux.

Admittedly they would also have had to engage in discussions with the FSF, Linus
and Heaven alone knows how many other copyright holders to keep to their end of
the contract. The likelihood of them being able to do so sucessfully I will
leave to your imagination. (Hint: Hell will freeze over long before this would
happen.)

SCO is they wished to cease to distribute Linux under the GPL terms should have
entered into discussions with the third parties to buy themselves out of the
contract. They failed to do so.

It is not just IBM copyrights that have been infringed here but *all* copyright
holders in Linux. The question of statutory damages comes up. I am not familiar
with the total number of copyright holders in Linux but I dare say it currently
is in the order of 10,000+. For illustration lets put it at 1000 here.

Each copyright holder is entitled to statutory damages per violation. Lets just
say SCO had 10 customers it was required to provide with Linux code. The actual
number is very likely to be much greater.

Statutory damages are currently at US$750 a pop.

For ten customers thats 750 x 10 x 1000 = 7.5 million in statutory damages. We
can increase this by a factor for the punitive element so SCO continued to
distribute Linux even after they sued IBM. Lets say a factor of 4 is reasonable.
Thats US$60 million for this claim alone.

This before Lanham Act violations, court costs etc etc come into the picture.

Given that SCO probably provided Linux to 1,000-10,000 minimum and that there
are probably 10,000+ copyright holders in Linux - before punitive damages - re
estimating this:

750 x 10 000 x 10 000 = 7.5 billion in damages.

These sort of numbers even companies like MS notice.

In short there is a message for all distributors and would be distributors or
Linux: comply with the GPL or expect multi billion dollar suits for copyright
damages. Compliance is 'free'; non compliance is prohibitive.

This is exactly what RMS intended to happen with the GPL. You are completely
free to chose to comply or not to comply. There are no third options - such as
MS is trying to carve out for itself here.

--

MadScientist

[ Reply to This | # ]

Proof that SCO read Groklaw
Authored by: SirHumphrey on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 09:15 AM EST
SCO stock to hit $1.00 on 20th November

So just before this date they release some "good news" via their "Form 8-K for SCO GROUP INC"

Not wanting to look the total chumps that they really are, they get the propaganda team to work on some spin.

[ Reply to This | # ]

Two incidents, a good fight
Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 09:36 AM EST

Two indicents:

One, I was in a group of protesters carrying picket signs in front of SCO. We managed to get Darl alone for a few minutes in a parking lot towards the end (when the police showed up to say we overstayed our permit). I repeatedly asked him, "are you sure you have ever read the GNU Public License"? He did not have a good answer.

Two, when this whole SCO thing first started, I was with what I would consider a higher-level representative of IBM who was quite proud of the fact that IBM was fighting SCO on this topic. I told him, roughly, that whether he should be proud depended entirely upon how they fight it, because with all their attorneys they could easily score a big win for IBM that hurts rather than helps free software developers.

IBM has even dropped the patent counterclaims and are fighting this strait up based upon the GPL and good citizenship, I can only say, hurrah IBM, this seems to me to be the highlight of the fight. I have lots of criticism of IBM's past and ongoing behavior with respect to software patents (not just enforcing them but fighting in the shadows to keep software and standards patentable), but they are doing the right thing here and I appreciate it. They seem significantly less ethically-challenged than than Microsoft, and I can't say that about most successful software companies who have often put the ethical ones out of business. Perhaps it came from their own antitrust legacy, but that they didn't try to put Microsoft itself out of business is amazing, when I believe they might have easily done so in an all-out battle. We should be able to hold companies to an ethical standard...

[ Reply to This | # ]

    The GPL, Stage Front and Center - IBM Answers SCO's Attack
    Authored by: JScarry on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 12:22 PM EST

    PJ said And finally, ask yourself: if GPLv2 is so "perfect", how come folks do to it what SCO here tries to do and Microsoft and Novell are now trying to do too in yet another permutation of getting around the clear intent of the license.

    It should be clear by now that no matter what the words of the GPL say you can find lawyers willing to argue that it says whatever their client wants it to say. You can't fix that problem by "fixing" the GPL. You can only fix that kind of problem by fixing the environment in which it occurs. Lawyers are trained to argue any position, no matter how ridiculous if it advances the interests of their case. The patent office allows obvious ideas to be patented and Courts in the US facilitates the blackmailing of software developers by allowing all kinds of ridiculous claims to proceed. Unfortunately, lawyers won't develop ethics, courts won't be reasonable, and the chances of the patent office changing are slim.

    In light of the Microsoft-Novell and SCO behavior Tivo looks like a model citizen. I personally, don't have a problem with their actions. They contributed their changes back to the community so everyone benefits by their efforts. My desktop runs better because of Tivo's actions and to me, that is a good thing.

    [ Reply to This | # ]

    The GPL, Stage Front and Center - IBM Answers SCO's Attack
    Authored by: jsusanka on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 12:27 PM EST
    "Then just apply it, and we can all be friends. Joke, joke. I know
    Microsoft isn't looking for friendship. It's looking to kill the GPL. Why would
    anyone help them?"

    this is so true you know ballmer and company think the gpl is still a cancer and
    a virus.

    thanks novell for sticking with us.

    [ Reply to This | # ]

    The GPL, Stage Front and Center - IBM Answers SCO's Attack
    Authored by: blacklight on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 12:35 PM EST
    "Second, nothing in the GPL – which by its very terms is limited to
    “copying, distribution and modification” of Linux – precludes SCO from issuing
    licenses to its UNIX software." SCOG Pleading

    Nothing precludes SCOG from issuing licenses whose terms contradict the terms of
    the GPL? The set of stupid legal arguments is indeed an open, infinite set.


    ---
    Know your enemies well, because that's the only way you are going to defeat
    them. And know your friends even better, just in case they become your enemies.

    [ Reply to This | # ]

    Take a deep breath now ...
    Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 12:41 PM EST
    and try to understand that GPL code didn't stop to be SCO Unix code just because
    somebody out there felt it had to be GPL'ed.
    SCO has no rights to receive and to obey under the GPL to its Unix code from
    someone else.

    [ Reply to This | # ]

    Tries to says it all.
    Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 01:25 PM EST
    "And finally, ask yourself: if GPLv2 is so "perfect", how come
    folks do to it what SCO here tries to do and Microsoft and Novell are now trying
    to do too in yet another permutation of getting around the clear intent of the
    license?"

    Trying is not succeeding. Just has SCOG tried, and failed, then so will
    MS/Novell. The GPL rules.

    [ Reply to This | # ]

    "clear intent and purpose"
    Authored by: rao on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 03:03 PM EST
    I hope you will also notice as you read this all the reasons why many are disturbed about Tivo and view its conduct as contrary to the clear intent and purpose of the GPL.

    This argument does not pass the slightest amount of examination. I don't think there is any doubt that RMS would agree with you on what his intent was when he authored the license. From Linus's comments in the discussions about GPLv3, it is just as obvious that this was not his intent when he applied the license to his work. There are plenty of developers out there that agree with RMS and plenty that agree with Linus. With this many people in disagreement then a phrase like "clear intent and purpose" certainly does not apply.

    The MS/Novell situation is all about the rights to use and distribute software covered by the GPL. I have not seen a serious argument yet that creates any doubt whatsoever that Novell is in violation of the GPL (but IANAL). The Tivo situation though, brings hardware into the equation and this is where things are not so clear.

    Treating these two situations as if they were the same thing does not help create a productive discussion although it may be very effective as a propaganda device.

    [ Reply to This | # ]

    BRILLIANT -- if IBM wins a copyright infringement claim against SCO before any trial
    Authored by: skidrash on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 04:42 PM EST
    On the very M&C that SCO claims ownership over (RCU, SMP, JFS), then SCO is
    well and truly SCREWED.

    [ Reply to This | # ]

    Say, PJ
    Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 05:50 PM EST
    What's the last piece of work that you licensed under the GPL?

    [ Reply to This | # ]

    The GPL, Stage Front and Center - IBM Answers SCO's Attack
    Authored by: ThrPilgrim on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 05:50 PM EST
    Let me see if I'v got this strait.

    1) SCO is incorrect that the GPL is an invalid licence and theirfor is in breach
    of it since August 2003

    or

    2) SCO is correct that the GPL is an invalid licence and theirfoe is in breach
    of IBM's copyright since they where formed.

    It almost makes me wish they had a case :-)

    [ Reply to This | # ]

      What are the differences...
      Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 07:34 PM EST
      ...between GPL v1 and GPL v2? I have read thru v1, but don't quite see what was
      changed for v2.

      [ Reply to This | # ]

      Linux and only Linux?
      Authored by: Arnold.the.Frog on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 09:02 PM EST
      Apologies if I missed someone else saying this. Taking
      tSCOg's word, the [GNU] GPL is "by its very terms is
      limited to “copying, distribution and modification” of Linux."
      Does that mean that tSCOg now believes that the GPL
      only applies to Linux? The more I look at that sentence,
      the more unlikely it seems.
      Leaving that question aside, I would have thought that
      it was of the essence of tSCOg's complaint against Linux
      (with or without a direct application to its suit against
      IBM) that bits of UNIX are also bits of Linux, but
      shouldn't be. Now their argument seems to presuppose
      that UNIX and Linux are mutually exclusive. I don't
      suppose they mean that, but the alternative is that
      tSCOg's contention is not merely wrong, but makes no
      sense whatsoever. My head is spinning.
      Of course, SCO is welcome issue new alternative
      licences to its UNIX code (if it has any). These might
      be subject to contractual engagements to third parties -
      say, Novell/USL - but that's not our problem.
      tSCOg has maintained, and doubtless will continue
      to maintain, that it never did place some of its code (actually to be found in
      Linux) under the GPL. As I've
      noted in the past, this made some sort of sense at one
      point, but the point has been effectively forfeited
      when it continued to distribute Linux after complaining
      of copyright violations within it. But that is still
      a point about the licensing of Linux code. Is tSCOg
      willing to argue that it's quite happy for its code
      in Linux to be distributed under the GPL, but that it
      objects to the terms of the GPL and licensees have in
      fact not been given a licence at all? By the sound of
      it, it's reduced to something helplessly incoherent
      like that.
      This self-stultifying and paralysing problem doesn't
      depend on the specific provisions of the GPL at all: it
      depends only on the notion that a licence grants a permission. Does tSCOg
      believe that it can leave Linux
      under the GPL and AT THE SAME TIME reserve the right
      to withhold permission to copy some of it?
      People who wish to avail themselves of the Four Freedoms
      (or, indeed, any freedoms at all) must get an extra
      permission from tSCOg. Presumably this permission itself
      is only worth what tSCOg says it's worth, so one would
      have to go back to tSCOg for permission to use their
      permission. And...

      [ Reply to This | # ]

      GPL Catch 22?
      Authored by: Willu on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 10:08 PM EST
      One way of satisfying the GPL is to distribute object code, and have the source
      available for download for a few years. This requirement to keep distributing
      looks like it could lead to a catch 22...

      If you then violate the GPL (say, you take the server down for a while, but then
      want to put it back up), you both a) cannot distribute because the GPL has
      terminated, and b) must distribute because you released under a clause that says
      you must continue to distribute.

      In practice, the FSF doesn't terminate the GPL, they just try and get you into
      compliance, so this isn't a real issue for GNU software. But theoretically (or
      with non-GNU GPL software), is there any way you can get yourself back into
      compliance in this situation, or are you both required to distribute and not
      distribute?

      Will

      [ Reply to This | # ]

      How Humans Work
      Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 10:57 PM EST
      The explanation for this sort of behavior (the "blindness" referred to
      in the above article) is rooted in the deepest and most all-pervasive human
      fear: the fear of death.

      Humans work like this: "If you're right, I'm wrong. And if I'm wrong, I'm
      dead - and that can't be allowed. Therefore, I'm right and you're wrong."

      It's called primate psychology. EVERY human action is derived from it or in
      reaction to it.

      Don't be surprised at anything a chimpanzee does under this sort of pre-rational
      behavior.

      The only solution is to consciously acknowledge one's fear of death - and then
      consciously refuse to allow it to control one's reasoning. One must eliminate
      the fear of death (on the conscious level - it's impossible to do it at the
      unconscious level) while at the same time refusing to accept death as an
      acceptable condition. Both attitudes have to be developed, not just one.

      This is the essence of the Transhumanist philosophy,

      [ Reply to This | # ]

      Shameless
      Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 11:29 PM EST
      I remember when SCO started their "Linux Licences." Their own
      website, in plain English, said that the licence was incompatible with the GPL.


      I assume they have taken it down now...

      [ Reply to This | # ]

      Thank you IBM!
      Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 11:40 PM EST

      From my reading of this document, IBM has brought numerous aspects of the GPL right into court view for a possible court opinion. Even if SCOG was trying to arrange it so the GPL wouldn't actually get a ruling, IBM has ensured that - at the very least - the Judge has the opportunity.

      The impact of this on the future with regards to MS is tremendously positive in favor of freedom.

      Again: Thank You IBM!

      RAS

      [ Reply to This | # ]

      So what damages can IBM get here?
      Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, November 26 2006 @ 11:47 PM EST
      It's darn obvious SCO is ...SCO'd er screwed on this.
      So if say the judge awards money then would others that have contributed ANY
      code to the kernal and other third party apps that SCO distributed be able to go
      after them also for a judgement.....
      perhaps a nice way for IBM to show its FOSS.ness would be to donate half of this
      judgements funds to the FSF , sourceforge, and other FOSS community things.
      Any percetn would breed a lot of good will considering from what i have been
      reading if half of it is true this novel/ms hting IBM knew aobut it and in a way
      this may have been a plan by these corporates for some time in a long run way.
      Any how thanks in advane and i am anonymous for many reasons, most of which i
      believe in freedom.

      [ Reply to This | # ]

      My Favourite Bit
      Authored by: stomfi on Monday, November 27 2006 @ 04:11 AM EST
      My favourite bit:

      "SCO's frontal attack on the GPL is ironic and self-defeating: If it were
      true (and it is not) that the GPL is void, then SCO never had a license to Linux
      or IBM's Copyrighted Works, and was infringing IBM's copyrights for the entire
      time period that SCO copied and distributed the IBM Copyrighted Works."

      After reading the whole document and PJ's preamble, I can't see how Novell is
      also not in violation of the GPL as it's covenant is restricting the inclusion
      of their added rights into my home made distro using their sources and my
      modifications.

      [ Reply to This | # ]

      Intellectual Property
      Authored by: Anonymous on Monday, November 27 2006 @ 11:44 AM EST
      "And folks need to respect other people's "intellectual
      property", not just their own."

      No quotes are required for the term intellectual property. It is a well
      established legal concept.

      [ Reply to This | # ]

      The GPL, Stage Front and Center - IBM Answers SCO's Attack
      Authored by: Bart van Deenen on Monday, November 27 2006 @ 11:48 AM EST
      Part of me (developer) says: "I made the code, I get to play with it!", while another part understands the logic of having a verifiable trail for identity purposes.
      Maybe the simple answer is to build the identity terminal/whatever with proprietary software. There is no shortage of proprietary software after all (even good stuff: QNX, VxWorks,..)

      [ Reply to This | # ]

      Warranty Protection
      Authored by: DaveJakeman on Monday, November 27 2006 @ 01:52 PM EST
      With their "SCO Intellectual Property Licence for Linux", SCO are
      charging for "warranty protection", sure enough, but they
      misunderstand or are abusing the word "protection". They mean
      "protection" as in "Nice O/S there Mr Linux User; be a shame if
      something were to happen to it, wouldn't it?"

      And the jaw-dropper:

      "SCO also licensed or attempted to license its own customers who used SCO
      Linux products."

      So SCO distributed stuff under the GPL, then extorted fees from those that had
      the audacity to use the stuff SCO had sold them. Incredible. Truly
      incredible.

      Gee, well you shouldn't have bought from us, see, it contains our stuff! Too
      bad - now you need protection. Er, Warranty Protection.


      ---
      I would rather stand corrected than sit confused.
      ---
      Should one hear an accusation, try it on the accuser.

      [ Reply to This | # ]

      why couldn't they get the name of the license right?
      Authored by: stevenj on Monday, November 27 2006 @ 11:47 PM EST
      The most widely used legal license agreement that makes the Free Software model possible is the GNU Public License or "GPL"

      Except that there is no "GNU Public License". There is the "GNU General Public License", or "GNU GPL".

      Should I be surprised that IBM's lawyers made such an elementary error?

      [ Reply to This | # ]

      So IBM think SCO are "con-artists"
      Authored by: Anonymous on Wednesday, November 29 2006 @ 04:20 AM EST
      I'm surprised - the best "laugh out loud" part hasn't been
      higlighted:

      Arguement II.C:
      Nor does the public policy favoring "settlements" empower SCO to
      create an artificial dispute, and then "settle" that dispute by
      charging license fees and imposing restrictions in violation of the GPL. Public
      policy certainly does not favor all "settlements". See, e.g., Cofield
      v. Ala. Public Service Comm'n, 936 F.2d 512, 516 (11th Cir. 1991) (affirming
      district court dismissal of suit by pro-se litigant found to be "a
      con-artist who sought to use the legal system to extort settlements from
      unsuspecting parties").

      [ Reply to This | # ]

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