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IBM's Memo in Opposition to SCO's Objections to Order (Confine) and SCO Motion to Amend Submission
Saturday, April 14 2007 @ 09:07 AM EDT

Here's IBM's Corrected Memorandum in Opposition to SCO's Objections to the Magistrate Judge's Order on IBM's Motion to Confine and SCO's Motion to Amend Its December 2005 Submission [PDF] as text. You can find the addenda referenced on the last page here. SCO's Reply Memo is here.

And here's David Boies' pro hac vice submission [PDF] in SCO v. IBM, which has been granted. I think there may be a connection.

This is a motion about fairness, about following the rules in the legal system. Can a party flout the rules, ignore court orders, and by such means gain a leg up in litigation? If ever there was a motion that could decide that issue, this is the one.

SCO has been sanctioned twice, once for not putting all its evidence on the table by the court-set deadline (Order Granting in Part IBM's Motion to Limit SCO's Claims), and then for trying to do an end run around that by introducing new allegations through the back door, as IBM describes it, via SCO's experts reports.

The court upheld the first sanction, after SCO objections (but SCO has filed a Motion for Reconsideration [PDF] and a Motion to Amend/Correct [PDF] on that matter), and now SCO would like the court to lift the second sanction, the order which requires SCO to confine its allegations to those that match up with the list of allegedly infringed materials it put on the table by the deadline. In the alternative, SCO asks to be permitted to amend that list, which of course would in effect undo the first sanction.

And as you will see, IBM is scornful of SCO's position, in effect telling the court that SCO's arguments are ridiculous. At one point, IBM says that to state one of SCO's arguments is to refute it. In another place, it says that SCO's argument cannot be taken seriously. And in several places, it tells the court that SCO is not being truthful. SCO is teetering on the edge of a cliff, and I believe Boies' assignment is to try to get SCO's turkey of a motion to fly.

By the way, Boies already had an application and an order granting his admission in the IBM case, way back in 2003, which you can see in the Docket as #14, but he has filed in the Novell case now too, and perhaps he wanted to update the information. If you look on Exhibit A [PDF] attached to the pro hac vice application, you will see the new information regarding disciplinary matters. In answer to the question "Have you ever been the subject of disciplinary action by any bar to which you have been admitted?", he answers:

I have been the subject of five bar grievances: three in Florida and two in New York. Four were brought by the same individual, who was a defendant in a case in which I represented the plaintiff. The fifth was brought by a political group relating to my representation of Vice President Al Gore in the Florida recount litigation of 2000. All five grievances were dismissed without any disciplinary action or sanction.

I'm sure he is in the best position to know his own affairs, but I would be remiss not to point out that the media reported it differently back in 2003, stating that it was the judge that filed the ethics complaint:

The Boies case was referred to The Florida Bar by Palm Beach County Circuit Judge David Crow, who is overseeing the underlying contract dispute between Boies' client, Amy Habie, and Lewis, a West Palm Beach gardener. The two have been battling in court since Lewis and his wife, Carol, sold the assets of their family gardening business to Habie in March 1996.

The parties settled their differences in August 1998, but have been suing each other over compliance with the terms of their settlement agreement ever since. Throughout the litigation, Habie and her attorneys have been sanctioned nine times by six different judges for violating at least 13 court orders related to the settlement and discovery orders.

More details here. Actually, some aspects of the case are still ongoing:

The appellate court also reversed a different $500 fine against Nical for indirect criminal contempt and reversed the order disqualifying the high-profiled law firm of Boies, Schiller and Flexner as Nical's counsel. The opinion says the firm was not provided an opportunity to be heard before the disqualification and allows the trial court to revisit the issue.

Of course, the media is not always reliable. And don't I know it. But the real question is, why would David Boies want to help SCO's turkey in IBM to fly now? We didn't expect him until trial, if at all. Here's my theory. First, there may never be a trial on SCO's claims if someone doesn't do something urgently. SCO followed a failed stratagem of not telling IBM what cards it was holding until its experts reports, which were filed after the deadline to reveal all allegedly infringed materials. SCO would now like the case to be all about Linux, expanding the case from 326 measly lines, which are all strongly disputed and probably hopeless, to every line in Linux, thus from 326 lines to more than 7 million lines of code. Oh, and methods and concepts. And why not? This is SCO, after all.

Well, the court told SCO that it was too late and that it will have to make do with the 326. So SCO filed objections [PDF], and now it asks if the court won't overturn that order, could it please allow SCO to amend its submissions, the list of allegedly infringed materials it filed in December of 2005? Please, please, can it sandbag IBM?

About those methods and concepts, I've long believed that this case is partly about trying to expand copyright law regarding how methods and concepts can be used in software cases, which I would imagine would benefit Microsoft, now that I think of it. Funny how it all seems to dovetail.

Anyway, I suspect Mr. Boies is charged with the job of arguing the motions to try to achieve SCO's noble goals, so SCO can harass and bully the world without hindrance. Otherwise, Boies's client's goose is probably cooked. Clients don't much like having their goose cooked due to their lawyers' failed strategies. So here comes Boies. That's my theory, anyway. How he will get this particular turkey to fly is beyond me.

Either that or I suppose he could just reeeeally want to meet me. Joke. Joke. That's the Novell case, not this one. A separate analysis, there, but the same conclusion -- things are not going well for SCO anywhere, and that is precisely when one hopes to see the cavalry's flags appear over the top of the hill.

SCO has argued that there is no reason why IBM would be prejudiced if SCO gets what it wants. SCO told IBM this case was about Linux at least two years ago, it argued, so what is IBM's problem? Here's part of the problem, as IBM explains:

First, SCO argues that "IBM does not and cannot dispute that its counsel had the opportunity to depose each of the three experts at issue regarding the full content of their reports".... That is incorrect. Ignoring the fact that the reports at issue do not properly disclose all of the material that SCO seeks to sneak in by the back door (see Section II below), the mere fact that SCO's experts mentioned the material did not give IBM a fair opportunity to depose them. By its expert reports SCO sought radically to change its case -- for example, rather than limit Dr. Cargill’s report to the 326 lines of code from the Linux kernel identified in the Final Disclosures, the Cargill report challenged nearly every file in the Linux kernel (which is comprised of more than seven million lines of code). Substantial fact discovery and expert analysis would have been required before IBM could have properly prepared its defense and taken a meaningful deposition of SCO's experts.

Second, SCO claims that "IBM has known for over two years, at least since IBM brought its broad Tenth Counterclaim, that this case involves the question of whether Linux is substantially similar to UNIX System V under the copyright laws".... While IBM and the rest of the world have long known that SCO generally accuses Linux of infringement (thus raising the question whether Linux is substantially similar to UNIX System V), IBM did not know that SCO sought to challenge the specific material at issue here until SCO submitted its expert reports nearly six months after the deadline for its Final Disclosures, after the close of fact discovery, simultaneous with the filing of initial expert reports, on the eve of the due date of IBM's opposing expert reports and when summary judgment briefs were forthcoming. The mere fact that IBM knew SCO accused IBM of infringement does not mean IBM knew anything more about SCO's claim. If knowing the general nature of a plaintiffs' claim were enough, then no defendant could ever establish prejudice based on a plaintiff's failure to disclose its allegations, as the complaint would tell the defendant all it ever needed to know.

But, but, SCO argued, IBM has had months to do experts reports in response to SCO's surprise move. Maybe, says IBM, but that isn't what it spent those months doing, since none of this is in the case:

IBM has not used the time since SCO sought improperly to expand the case to prepare a defense to SCO’s reinvented allegations. They were not and are not in the case. Moreover, as stated, preparing a defense to the new allegations in SCO’s expert reports would take no less than an additional year with the benefit of fact and expert discovery – both of which closed months ago. Allowing SCO to proceed as to the new material would require reopening fact discovery, redoing expert reports and depositions, and redoing summary judgment briefing. Significant delay and expense would result. That alone would result in incurable prejudice, as it would deny IBM prompt resolution of SCO’s continued assertions of misconduct and disparagement, which continue to cause injury to IBM. SCO’s attempt to force IBM to defend new allegations is unfair – if not abusive – and should not be allowed.

But, what about us? SCO asks. There is a public interest, it argued, in having disputes resolved on their merits. "That may be true, IBM responds here, "but there is an equally strong public interest in protecting the integrity of the judicial system from the flouting of discovery deadlines and protecting litigants from litigation by ambush." Besides, SCO did copious discovery over three years. It surely has had ample opportunity to get its claims settled on the merits. All it had to do is put all these materials on the list by the deadline. Linux has been openly available since 1991, and SCO has had every released version of AIX and Dynix since it fought for them in discovery, and so it really has no excuse, IBM argues.

SCO also argued that IBM doesn't need to analyze each and every line of code in Linux:

According to SCO, “IBM’s experts undertook no such analysis, and no such analysis is required”.... Like much of SCO’s brief, this assertion is both false and unsupported. IBM’s experts undertook an extensive analysis of each and every one of the lines of code properly identified in SCO’s Final Disclosures, as illustrated by Exhibit H to the 8/28/06 Report and Declaration of Brian W. Kernighan and Randall Davis. ... The same analysis would be required to prepare a defense to SCO’s allegations of misuse relating to the code SCO sought to sneak in.

This raises the question in my mind: did SCO's experts analyze each and every line of code before raising the allegations? If not, on what are their opinions based that every line of code is infringing?

Finally, SCO has pleaded with the court that if its motion isn't granted, it will suffer prejudice. Well, IBM responds, their case might be prejudiced, but it would not be undue:

A party cannot establish a claim of prejudice based on its failure to comply with a Court order. Roadway Exp., Inc. v. Piper, 447 U.S. 752, 763-64 (1980) ("Rule 37 sanctions must be applied diligently both 'to penalize those whose conduct may be deemed to warrant such a sanction, [and] to deter those who might be tempted to [engage in] such conduct in the absence of such a deterrent.'")

I'm guessing you like that part. Some of you have been wondering if the court's rules mean anything or if a clever law firm can flout the rules at will. We will find out.

IBM has an absolute ball arguing this motion, using SCO's own words against it. A couple of times, IBM quotes two opposing statements by SCO, to demonstrate the level of sincerity, I suppose, that might be discerned from a party making opposing and conflicting arguments simultaneously. IBM even quotes SCO from an earlier time and place in the case, when it argued that Judge Kimball had the power to do exactly what IBM is asking him to do now:

In opposing (without success) IBM's request for the entry of a deadline for final disclosures of allegedly misused material, SCO assured the Court, as stated above, that, even without imposing a specific disclosure deadline, the Court could preclude SCO from using evidence that it failed timely to disclose

Surely IBM argues, trying hard not to crack a smile, "It cannot be that the Court has less power to limit SCO's claims now after the entry of the July 2005 Scheduling Order than SCO acknowledged that the Court had before entry of the Order."

IBM argues persuasively that if it was proper for Judge Kimball to uphold Judge Wells' previous order that found that numerous items could not be included in the litigation because SCO wasn't specific enough in identifying them by the deadline -- and he did uphold that decision -- how could it be anything but right to uphold another order that found that SCO couldn't introduce entirely new items that it hadn't identified by the deadline at all?

Do you see how both parties followed a strategy? Only one worked, but they both were consistently doing what each had decided to do, and now IBM is cashing in its chips. I suspect that the numerous cases you find in the footnotes, which are hilariously blunt, were long ago read and saved by IBM, and that they were the underpinnings for IBM's request that the court set a deadline for the parties to put all their cards on the table.

I guess a better analogy would be one of those elaborate domino setups, where after hours or days or weeks of setup, it's time to start the first one going, and one by one, it all falls into place, if you've planned right. Did you notice at the time or realize how significant that Scheduling Order would turn out to be? No? Mr. Marriott surely did, or more accurately, he hoped it would play out the way it should.

So, what's left on the table, now that SCO's litigation by ambush, as IBM sensibly quotes Judge Wells, didn't work out so well for SCO? Exactly what are we talking about, the 326 lines of code still litigatable?

In its Final Disclosures, SCO identified 294 Items of allegedly misused material. Most of the Items (215 Items) concerned SCO's allegation that IBM breached its contractual obligations by contributing its own AIX and Dynix material to Linux. The remaining items (79 Items) concerned SCO’s allegations of copyright infringement, which relate primarily to Linux (69 Items). SCO’s allegations of infringement relating to Linux, which make no specific allegations of infringement by IBM, concern material of three types – (1) header files (including Open Group headers and Streams headers); (2) specifications (including ELF); and (3) miscellaneous materials (including one Item about memory management). In challenging this material, SCO accused just 326 lines of code from the Linux kernel.

So that's what all the discovery and the motion practice and the whining ends up with -- 326 lines of code which probably don't mean anything, being things like header files.

IBM doesn't even call the latest maneuver an 11th hour attempt to end run. It calls it "SCO's thirteenth-hour allegations" and uses the word "sneak" to describe this attempt to redefine its case and introduce massive new claims. "As is further discussed below, SCO should not be allowed to ignore the deadline for final disclosures and litigate this case by ambush. Thus, SCO's objections should be overruled and its motion to amend should be denied." To do otherwise would be simply unfair to IBM, it argues, incurably prejudicial:

SCO sought to expand the case nearly six months after the deadline for its Final Disclosures, after the close of fact discovery, simultaneous with the filing of initial expert reports, on the eve of the due date of IBM's opposing expert reports and when summary judgment briefs were forthcoming. SCO had spent more than three years developing its theory of infringement and yet sought to force IBM to respond to its newly-minted allegations, without the benefit of discovery, in a matter of weeks. If that would not have been unfair, nothing would. For these reasons alone, SCO's objections to the Order are baseless.

********************************

Alan L. Sullivan (3152)
Todd M. Shaughnessy (6651)
Amy F. Sorenson (8947)
[address, phone, fax]

CRAVATH, SWAINE & MOORE LLP
Evan R. Chesler (admitted pro hac vice)
David R. Marriott (7572)
[address, phone, fax]

Attorneys for Defendant/Counterclaim-Plaintiff
International Business Machines Corporation

______________________

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF UTAH

________________________

THE SCO GROUP, INC.

Plaintiff/Counterclaim-Defendant,

v.

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES
CORPORATION,

Defendant/Counterclaim-Plaintiff.

___________________________

IBM’S CORRECTED MEMORANDUM IN
OPPOSITION TO SCO’S OBJECTIONS TO
THE MAGISTRATE JUDGE’S ORDER ON
IBM’S MOTION TO CONFINE AND SCO’S
MOTION TO AMEND ITS DECEMBER
2005 SUBMISSION

___________________________

Civil No. 2:03CV-0294 DAK

Honorable Dale A. Kimball

Magistrate Judge Brooke C. Wells

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Table of Authorities.......................................................................iii

Preliminary Statement............................................................................1

Statement of Facts.......................................................................................................................... 3

A. IBM's Discovery Requests and the Court's Orders............................................... 3

B. The Scheduling Order and Stipulation................................................................... 4

C. The Final Disclosures. ........................................................................................... 5

D. SCO's Attempted End Run.................................................................................... 6

E. IBM's Motion and SCO's Response...................................................................... 7

F. Judge Wells' Ruling The Order. ......................................................................... 8

G. SCO's Objections and Motion to Amend. ........................................................... 10

Standard of Review...................................................................................................................... 10

A. Objections. ........................................................................................................... 10

B. Motion to Amend................................................................................................. 12

Argument ..................................................................................................................................... 12

I. SCO'S OBJECTIONS TO THE ORDER ARE BASELESS..................................... 12

A. Magistrate Judge Wells Properly Precluded SCO's Attempted End Run. .......... 13

B. SCO's Arguments About the July 2005 Scheduling Order Are Unavailing. ...... 15

1. The July 2005 Scheduling order ..........................15

2. SCO's Purported Belief in its Compliance.................18

3. SCO's Protestations Regarding Prejudice...................20

C. SCO's Arguments Relating to Its Expert Reports Are Meritless.......26

II. SCO'S MOTION TO AMEND LACKS MERIT.........................30

A. SCO's Motion is Procedurally Flawed......................30

i

B. SCO Cannot Establish Extremely Compelling Circumstances........31

Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 34

ii

Table of Authorities

Page

Cases

Alleyne v. Midland Mortg. Co.,
No. 05-02412, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 75851 (D. Colo. Sept. 12, 2006) ................................ 19

Authentic Hansom Cabs, Ltd. v. Nisselson,
No. 03-9468, 2004 WL 2997794 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 27, 2004) ................................................... 21

Barry v. ASA Building Maintenance,
457 F. Supp. 2d 489 (S.D.N.Y. 2006)...................................................................................... 23

Berna v. Chater,
101 F.3d 631 (10th Cir. 1996).................................................................................................. 16

Boucher v. Cont'l Prod. Co., Inc.,
365 F. Supp. 2d 1 (D. Me. 2005) ............................................................................................. 11

Business Credit Leasing, Inc. v. Biddeford,
770 F. Supp. 31 (D. Maine 1991)............................................................................................. 21

Cartier, Inc. v. Four Star Jewelry Creations, Inc.,
No. 01-11295, 2003 WL 22471909 (S.D.N.Y. October 31, 2003).......................................... 23

Chase Manhattan Mortg. Corp. v. Advanta Corp.,
No. 01-507, 2004 WL 912949 (D. Del. April 22 2004) .......................................................... 23

Collins v. Marina-Martinez,
894 F.2d 474 (1st Cir. 1990) .................................................................................................... 21

Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n v. Brockbank,
No. 00-622, 2006 WL 223835 (D. Utah Jan. 30, 2006)...................................................... 30-31

Dial v. Champion, 4 Fed. Appx. 640 (10th Cir. 2001) ........................................................................................... 19

Dreyer v. Ryder Automotive Carrier Group, Inc.,
367 F. Supp. 2d 413 (W.D.N.Y. 2005) .................................................................................... 11

Exxon Corp. v. Halcon Shipping Co., Ltd,
156 F.R.D. 589 (D.N.J. 1994) .................................................................................................. 11

Finch v. Hercules, Inc.,
No. Civ. A. 92-251 MMS, 1995 WL 785100 (D. Del. Dec. 22, 1995) ................................... 25

iii

Fistell v. Neet,
No. 03-284, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 72628 (D. Colo. Oct. 5, 2006) ....................................... 19

Gates Rubber Co. v. Bando Chemical Industries, Ltd.,
9 F.3d 823 (10th Cir. 1993)...................................................................................................... 27

GFF Corp. v. Associated Wholesale Grocers, Inc.,
130 F.3d 1381 (10th Cir. 1997)................................................................................................ 16

Gibbs v. Massanari,
21 Fed. Appx. 813 (10th Cir. 2001) .................................................................................... 18-19

Houlihan v. Invacare Corp., No. 04-4286, 2006 WL 1455469 (E.D.N.Y. May 24, 2006) ................................................... 23

Hussain v. Principi,
344 F. Supp. 2d 86 (D.D.C. 2004) ........................................................................................... 33

Hutchinson v. Pfeil,
No. 98-5248, 2000 U.S. App. LEXIS 6260 (10th Cir. April 4, 2000)..................................... 16

Kern River Gas Transmission Co. v. 6.17 Acres of Land,
156 Fed. Appx. 96 (10th Cir. 2005) ................................................................................... 14, 22

King v. G.G.C., Inc.,
No. 86-6009-C, 1988 WL 142413 (D. Kan. Dec. 12, 1988)................................................... 10

Krista v. LaFortune,
No. 06-00034, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 36409 (D. Colo. June 1, 2006)................................... 19

Luma Corp. v. Stryker Corp.,
226 F.R.D. 536 (S.D.W.Va. 2005)........................................................................................... 23

Lynchval Sys., Inc. v. Chicago Consulting Actuaries, Inc.,
Civ. A. No. 95 C 1490, 1996 WL 735586 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 19, 1996)........................... 11, 14, 22

Mariani v. Stommel,
No. 05-01406, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 64723 (D. Colo. Sept. 7, 2006) .................................. 19

Marshall v. Chater,
75 F.3d 1421 (10th Cir. 1996)...................................................................................... 18, 23, 27

Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. v. Allegheny Energy, Inc.,
No. 02-7689, 2005 WL 832050 (S.D.N.Y. April 12, 2005) .................................................... 23

Murrell v. Shalala,
43 F.3d 1388 (10th Cir. 1994).................................................................................................. 16

iv

Nolan v. Board of County Comm'rs for Oklahoma County,
No. 04-204, 2005 WL 2978328 (W.D. Okla. Nov. 7, 2005) ................................................... 23

Ocelot Oil Corp. v. Sparrow Indus.,
847 F.2d 1458 (10th Cir. 1988)................................................................................................ 10

Perkis v. Sirmons,
No. 06-6147, 2006 U.S. App. LEXIS 26656 (10th Cir. Oct. 24, 2006) .................................. 18

Praxair, Inc. v. Atmi, Inc.,
231 F.R.D. 457 (D. Del. 2005)........................................................................................... 14, 23

Roadway Exp., Inc. v. Piper,
447 U.S. 752 (1980) ................................................................................................................. 33

Roth v. Green,
466 F.3d 1179 (10th Cir. 2006)................................................................................................ 15

Starlight Int'l, Inc. v. Herlihy,
186 F.R.D. 626 (D. Kan. 1999)................................................................................................ 33

Summers v. Missouri Pac. R.R. Sys.,
132 F.3d 599 (10th Cir. 1997).................................................................................................. 23

United States v. Hatchett,
245 F.3d 625 (7th Cir. 2001).................................................................................................... 16

United States v. Wilson,
No. 99-6233, 2000 U.S. App. LEXIS 21416 (10th Cir. Aug. 23, 2000) ................................. 16

Utah Women's Clinic, Inc. v. Leavitt,
844 F. Supp. 1482 (D. Utah 1994) ........................................................................................... 19

White v. Norton,
No. 04-2555, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 71022 (D. Colo. Sept. 29, 2006) ............................ 16, 19

World Group Securities, Inc. v. Sanders,
No. 06-00107, 2006 WL 1278738 (D. Utah May 8, 2006)...................................................... 30

Yumukoglu v. Provident Life & Acc. Ins. Co.,
36 Fed. Appx. 378 (10th Cir. 2002) ......................................................................................... 16

Statutes & Rules

DUCivR 7-1(b)(1)......................................................................................................................... 30

Fed. R. Civ. P. 1............................................................................................................................ 13

v

Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(b)(2)(B) ........................................................................................................... 13

Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c) ............................................................................................................... 13, 21

Fed. R. Civ. P. 72.......................................................................................................................... 10

vi

Defendant/counterclaim-plaintiff International Business Machines Corporation (“IBM”) respectfully submits this corrected memorandum in opposition to (1) the Objections of the SCO Group, Inc. ("SCO") to Magistrate Judge Wells' Order of December 21, 2006 (the "Order"); and (2) SCO's Motion to Amend its December 2005 Submission.1

Preliminary Statement

Long after the deadline for disclosing its allegations, SCO sought by indirection to change them. In yet another effort to circumvent the Court's orders, SCO attempted to reinvent its case through its expert reports. Magistrate Judge Wells ruled that SCO could not do so and granted IBM's motion to confine SCO's claims to, and strike allegations in excess of, its Final Disclosures. SCO now both objects to the Order and seeks to end run it, by amending its Final Disclosures. SCO's objections and its motion to amend are baseless and should be rejected.

In three of its expert reports, SCO alleged the misuse of material nowhere identified in its Final Disclosures, the very purpose of which was to fix the parties' allegations once and for all as of December 22, 2005. Specifically, SCO proffered the testimony of Thomas Cargill to support its copyright infringement claim relating to Linux. Rather than limit Dr. Cargill's report to the material identified in the Final Disclosures (only 326 lines of code from the Linux kernel), the Cargill report challenged essentially every file in Linux. Similarly, SCO proffered the testimony of Evan Ivie and Marc Rochkind in support of its contract claims. Like the Cargill report, the Ivie and Rochkind reports identified allegedly misused material found nowhere in the Final Disclosures, e.g., the Ivie report accused six times the volume of System V and AIX material

relating to JFS identified in SCO’s Final Disclosures, and the Rochkind report accused 25,378 lines of testing technology code not identified in the Final Disclosures. Magistrate Judge Wells ruled that SCO could not proceed with respect to allegedly misused material not specifically identified by it in its Final Disclosures.

SCO objects to the Order on the grounds that nothing in the Court's Scheduling Order required SCO to include expert analysis in its Final Disclosures; SCO reasonably believed that it was not required to include expert analysis in its Final Disclosures; and allowing SCO to proceed as to the allegedly misused material disclosed in its expert reports but not in its Final Disclosures would not be prejudicial to IBM. None of these objections bears scrutiny. While the Scheduling Order allowed the parties to submit expert reports after the deadline for final disclosures, it did not allow them to use expert reports to challenge as misused material not identified with specificity in their final disclosures (as SCO sought to do). In fact, this Court's November 29, 2006 Order, which held that the parties may not proceed with respect to any allegedly misused material not identified with specificity in the Final Disclosures, plainly precluded SCO's stratagem and compelled Judge Wells' decision. Moreover, SCO offered no justification for its attempt to proceed as to allegedly misused material not identified with specificity in its Final Disclosures, and there was none, especially in view of the parties' December 7, 2005, stipulation that they were "required to identify with specificity and any and all misused material" by December 22, 2005. Furthermore, allowing SCO to pursue allegations of misuse not properly identified in its Final Disclosures would have resulted in incurable prejudice to IBM. (See Section I below.)

As a fallback position, SCO seeks leave, on essentially the same grounds as it objects to the Order, to amend its Final Disclosures to include in them the allegedly misused material at

2

issue. Contrary to SCO’s contention, it was not reasonable for SCO to omit the supplemental material from its Final Disclosures; the proposed amendment would be prejudicial to IBM; denial of SCO's motion would not result in any cognizable prejudice to SCO; and the material SCO seeks to add is not fully disclosed and analyzed in SCO's expert reports. Furthermore, SCO's objections and motion to amend are barred for procedural reasons. For these reasons, SCO's motion to amend (like its objections) should be disallowed. (See Section II below.)

Statement of Facts2

Despite their length, SCO's papers ignore the facts pertinent to the relief it seeks, which are set out in IBM's memoranda and oral argument before Judge Wells and in its memorandum in opposition to SCO's objections to Magistrate Judge Wells' Order of June 28, 2006, and incorporated here by reference.

A. IBM's Discovery Requests and the Court's Orders.

From the beginning of this case, IBM has asked SCO to specify its allegations of misconduct. For example, IBM's Interrogatory No. 4 (served on June 13, 2003) requested that SCO describe in detail "the specific manner in which IBM is alleged to have engaged in misuse or misappropriation", and IBM's Interrogatory No. 13 (served on September 16, 2003) requested that "for any rights IBM is alleged to have infringed, [SCO] describe in detail how IBM is alleged to have infringed plaintiff's rights". (Addendum A hereto; see also 6/28/06 Order at 10 (Docket No. 718).)

SCO repeatedly declined to disclose its allegations, requiring the Court twice to order SCO to respond to IBM's discovery requests and to specify its allegations (as described in

3

Addendum A). On December 12, 2003, the Court ordered SCO “[t]o respond fully and in detail to Interrogatory Nos. 1-9 as stated in IBM's First Set of Interrogatories" and "[t]o respond fully and in detail to Interrogatory Nos. 12 and 13 as stated in IBM's Second Set of Interrogatories." (12/12/03 Order ¶¶ 1-2 (Docket No. 94).) On March 3, 2004 the Court ordered SCO "[t]o fully comply within 45 days of the entry of this order with the Court's previous order dated December 12, 2003." (3/3/04 Order at 2 (Docket No. 109).) Thus, the Court required SCO to describe in detail its allegations of misuse, including how IBM is alleged to have infringed SCO's alleged copyrights relating to UNIX System V Software.

B. The Scheduling Order and Stipulation.

When SCO still refused to specify its allegations, IBM moved for summary judgment. The Court deferred resolving IBM's motions on the merits but stated that it was "astonishing that SCO has not offered competent evidence to create a disputed fact regarding whether IBM has infringed SCO's alleged copyrights through IBM's Linux activities". (2/8/05 Order at 10 (Docket No. 398).)

Based on SCO's failure to disclose its allegations, IBM urged the Court to establish a final deadline for the disclosure of allegedly misused material. As we explained at the time, there was no way IBM could properly prepare its defense without a final deadline, prior to the close of fact discovery, for the identification of all allegedly misused material. SCO's claims potentially implicate billions of lines of source code, and it would have been impossible to defend the case by preparing a defense to all possible claims relating to that code. Moreover, as we further explained, it was critical that the parties not be allowed to modify their allegations by way of the expert reports lest the deadline become meaningless and render fact discovery an exercise in inefficiency, disconnected from the parties' allegations. (4/21/05 Hr'g Tr. at 93-94 (Addendum B hereto).)

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In an order dated July 1, 2005, the Court adopted IBM’s proposal over SCO’s objection. The Court set October 28, 2005 as the "Interim Deadline for Parties to Disclose with Specificity All Allegedly Misused Material Identified to Date and to Update Interrogatory Responses Accordingly". (7/1/05 Order ¶ III (Docket No. 466).) The Court set December 22, 2005, as the "Final Deadline for Parties to Identify with Specificity All Allegedly Misused Material". (Id) In so doing, the Court could not have been more clear that the parties would not be allowed to challenge as misused material not specifically identified in their final disclosures.

Following entry of the Scheduling Order, SCO repeatedly committed to IBM that it would limit its claims to the Final Disclosures. In fact, SCO expressly stipulated and agreed with IBM that its claims would not exceed the Final Disclosures. In a Stipulation Re Scheduling Order filed with the Court on December 7, 2005, the parties stipulated as follows:

1. Both parties are required to identify with specificity any and all material that each party contends the other has misused no later than December 22, 2005;

...

(c) Neither party shall be permitted to use [the period for discovery relating to the Final Disclosures] for the purpose of identifying additional misused material not disclosed by the December 22, 2005, deadline.

(12/7/05 Stipulation at 2-3 (Addendum C hereto).) It is thus undisputed and indisputable that the Final Disclosures were to define the complete scope of SCO's claims.

C. The Final Disclosures.

The parties submitted their final disclosures of allegedly misused material on December 22, 2005, thus advising the Court that they had no more to provide. In its Final Disclosures, SCO identified 294 Items of allegedly misused material. Most of the Items (215 Items) concerned SCO's allegation that IBM breached its contractual obligations by contributing its own AIX and Dynix material to Linux. The remaining items (79 Items) concerned SCO's

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allegations of copyright infringement, which relate primarily to Linux (69 Items). SCO’s allegations of infringement relating to Linux, which make no specific allegations of infringement by IBM, concern material of three types (1) header files (including Open Group headers and Streams headers); (2) specifications (including ELF); and (3) miscellaneous materials (including one Item about memory management). In challenging this material, SCO accused just 326 lines of code from the Linux kernel. By order of the Court, these 294 Items defined the permissible scope of SCO's claims.

While SCO's Final Disclosures were voluminous in some respects, none of the 294 Items provided the level of detail sought by IBM and required by the Court and 187 of them failed to provide even the most basic information (as illustrated in Addendum D hereto). Thus, IBM moved to limit the scope of SCO's claims to the Items properly identified by SCO in the Final Disclosures. Judge Wells granted the motion, ruling that SCO may not rely on 187 of its 294 items because (1) SCO failed to disclose its allegations with the requisite specificity (i.e., version, file and line information), despite three orders of the Court and the requirements of Rule 26(e); (2) SCO acted willfully, not inadvertently, in withholding its allegations; and (3) SCO's conduct had caused and, unless remedied, would further cause significant prejudice to IBM. (6/28/06 Order at 2, 7-17, 30-36 (Docket No. 718).) In an order dated November 29, 2006, this Court affirmed. (11/29/06 Order at 4 (Docket No. 884).)

D. SCO's Attempted End Run.

Months after the submission of its Final Disclosures, subsequent to the close of fact discovery, and simultaneous with IBM's submission of expert reports (which were based on SCO's Final Disclosures), SCO sought, by way of its expert reports, to challenge as "misused" a mass of material nowhere identified in the Final Disclosures, despite the Court's orders and the parties' stipulation. As stated, SCO proffered the testimony of Thomas Cargill to support its

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copyright infringement claim relating to Linux. Rather than limit Dr. Cargill’s report to the material identified in the Final Disclosures, which consisted of only 326 lines of code from the Linux kernel, the Cargill report challenged nearly every file in the Linux kernel (which is comprised of more than seven million lines of code). In so doing, SCO not only sought to insert into the case files and lines of code that it had not previously disclosed, but files and lines of code as to which IBM was unable to take discovery, perform expert analyses and prepare a defense. SCO's identification of this material radically increased the scope of SCO's claims.

In addition, SCO proffered the testimony of Evan Ivie and Marc Rochkind in support of its contract claims. Like the Cargill report, the Ivie and Rochkind reports identified allegedly misused material found nowhere in the Final Disclosures. With respect to one of the technologies challenged in the Final Disclosures (JFS), SCO used its expert reports to charge misuse against six times the volume of material identified in the Final Disclosures to support one allegation. Similarly, the Final Disclosures identify 9,282 lines of code regarding testing technologies as representing "misuse". To that the Rochkind report added 25,378 additional lines of code. In truth, SCO's Final Disclosures identify only a small fraction of the material challenged in its expert reports, notwithstanding the requirements of the Court's orders and SCO's stipulation and agreement.

E. IBM's Motion and SCO's Response.

SCO's claims as to the material it sought to sneak in by way of its expert reports had no more merit than its claims as to the material set out in its Final Disclosures. But allowing SCO to ignore the Court's orders and reinvent its case at that juncture would have been unduly prejudicial to IBM and contrary to the public interest. SCO's thirteenth-hour allegations would have forced the re-opening of discovery and significantly extended the litigation. The resulting delay would itself have prejudiced IBM and undermined the public interest because it would

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have allowed SCO further to perpetuate fear, uncertainty and doubt about IBM, Linux and IBM’s products and services. Thus, IBM filed a motion to confine SCO's claims to, and strike allegations in excess of, its Final Disclosures.

In opposition, SCO asserted essentially the same arguments that Magistrate Judge Wells rejected in ruling on IBM's motion as to the 187 Items not identified in the Final Disclosures with the requisite specificity and that this Court rejected in affirming Magistrate Judge Wells' ruling. Notably, SCO argued that IBM's motion should be denied because SCO had in fact properly identified in its Final Disclosures the material IBM argued SCO was seeking to sneak in. For example, SCO argued, "IBM's motion should be denied because SCO has complied fully in identifying the 'materials misused by IBM' . . .". (SCO's Opp'n to IBM's Motion to Confine at 1 (emphasis in original).) This argument stands in stark contrast to SCO's motion to amend, by which SCO acknowledges that none of the material at issue was included in its Final Disclosures.

F. Judge Wells' Ruling -- The Order.

After oral argument, on November 30, 2006, Magistrate Judge Wells granted IBM's motion from the bench:

I'm prepared to rule. The Court orders as follows: That, as provided in this Court's order of July 1 of 2005, agreed to by the parties through stipulation, reaffirmed by this Court's subsequent order of June 28 of '06 and in yesterday's order by Judge Kimball, SCO may not challenge as misused, by expert report or otherwise, any material not specifically identified as misused by IBM in the final disclosures.

(11/30/06 Hr'g Tr. at 63-64 (Addendum E hereto).)

Following a request for clarification by SCO as to what the Court viewed as not specified as misused, Magistrate Judge Wells stated: "I think it's all encompassed in the previous orders

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of this Court and stipulations that, if it wasn’t disclosed by . . . October 28, 2005, the interim deadline, and the final deadline December 22 of 2005, then it's out." (Id at 64.)

In response to Magistrate Judge Wells' request for IBM's view, counsel for IBM stated its view that the Court's order was clear:

I think it is as plain as day what the Court's orders previously said, and I believe I understand this order. I am, at the same time, a hundred percent confident that my friends at SCO take the position that there is absolutely nothing that wasn't disclosed with specificity, Your Honor. I don't think that can be reconciled with the facts in any, way, shape or form, but I am happy, Your Honor, as a solution to today's problem to have Your Honor's reaffirmed order that material not identified with specificity in the final disclosures, which I take to include structure, sequence and anything else that they want to claim as part of their case, is out.

(Id at 65.) Magistrate Judge Wells agreed: "Well, that is my intent. That is the intention of this order, All right. I adopt IBM's reasoning in this regard." (Id at 65.)

On December 21, 2006, Magistrate Judge Wells entered a consent order reaffirming her ruling from the bench:

1. IBM's motion is granted in full;

2. As provided in the Court's order dated July 1, 2005, the parties' Stipulation re Scheduling Order dated December 7, 2005, this Court's order dated June 28, 2006, and Judge Kimball's order dated November 29, 2006, SCO may not challenge as misused, by expert testimony or otherwise, any material that SCO has not specifically identified in its Final Disclosures of Material Allegedly Misused by IBM (Docket No. 591); and

3. As to what SCO has not specified as misused, it is the Court's intent that this order shall apply to any and all allegedly misused material, including structures and sequences.

(12/21/06 Order at 2 (Docket No. 906).) Thus, the Court made perfectly clear that SCO may not proceed as to any material including any structures, sequences or anything else that SCO might want to claim as part of its case not identified with specificity in SCO's Final Disclosures.

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G. SCO’s Objections and Motion to Amend.

SCO objects to the Order on two basic grounds. First, SCO argues that the Order "overlooks the distinction between allegedly misused material and the analysis required of experts set forth in this Court's July 2005 Order" and that the Final Disclosures "were an identification of the 'misused material,' not all the supporting analysis that would support an ultimate finding of liability." (Obj. at 2.) Second, SCO argues that "the record does not justify the exclusion of portions of SCO's expert testimony" because "there is a genuine dispute in which 'reasonable people could differ' regarding the meaning of the court order and the extent of compliance therewith" and because "there is no undue prejudice to IBM". (Id at 3.)

Contemporaneously with the filing of its Objections, and more than seventeen months after the July 1, 2005 Scheduling Order set the "Final Deadline" for disclosing "all allegedly misused material", SCO moved to amend its Final Disclosures to add the material that it admits was not contained therein. While SCO cites no supporting authority for its request, it relies on essentially the same arguments it included in its Objections.

As is further discussed below, SCO should not be allowed to ignore the deadline for final disclosures and litigate this case by ambush. Thus, SCO's objections should be overruled and its motion to amend should be denied.

Standard of Review

A. Objections.

Under Rule 72 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a dispositive decision of a magistrate judge is reviewed by the district court de novo, whereas a non-dispositive decision is subject to being set aside only if "clearly erroneous or contrary to law". Fed. R. Civ. P. 72; see Ocelot Oil Corp. v. Sparrow Indus., 847 F.2d 1458, 1461-63 (10th Cir. 1988); King v. G.G.C., Inc., No. 86-6009-C, 1988 WL 142413, at *1 (D. Kan. Dec. 12, 1988) (Addendum K hereto).

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There is no question that the Order is not dispositive. It does not dismiss, enter summary judgment, or rule on the merits of any claim or defense.

Courts repeatedly have held that a decision limiting the scope of expert testimony is a non-dispositive ruling that may be set aside only if "clearly erroneous". See Dreyer v. Ryder Automotive Carrier Group, Inc., 367 F. Supp. 2d 413, 416 (W.D.N.Y. 2005) (affirming as not clearly erroneous or contrary to law, magistrate judge's order precluding expert testimony regarding negligent design of an auto part in a product liability action); Boucher v. Cont'l Prod. Co., Inc., 365 F. Supp. 2d 1, 1 n.1 (D. Me. 2005) (treating magistrate judge's exclusion of late-arriving expert testimony from evidence as "non-dispositive action" entitled to deferential review); Lynchval Sys. Inc. v. Chicago Consulting Actuaries, Inc., Civ. A. No. 95 C 1490, 1996 WL 780492 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 11, 1996) (treating as nondispositive, magistrate judge's order striking expert analysis relating to certain trade secrets, thereby "significantly restrict[ing] [plaintiff's] ability to demonstrate that the defendants incorporated these trade secrets into their competing computer program") (Addendum K hereto); Exxon Corp. v. Halcon Shipping Co., Ltd., 156 F.R.D. 589, 591 (D.N.J. 1994) (applying a "clearly erroneous or contrary to law" standard of review to magistrate judge's Order precluding expert witness testimony).

Although this Court stated its intent to "out of an abundance of caution, . . . apply a de novo standard of review" to the Order (which we welcome), the Court appears to have recognized (in its Order of November 29, 2006 in ruling on SCO's objections to Magistrate Judge Wells' ruling granting IBM's motion to limit SCO's claims) that the applicable standard may well be "clearly erroneous or contrary to law". (11/29/06 Order at 2, 4 n.2.) Whereas SCO argued (incorrectly) that the June 28, 2006 Order was dispositive, it does not and could not contend that the Order here is dispositive. Thus, the Order is even more clearly subject to

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deferential review. In addition, SCO’s contention that de novo review is appropriate because "the issues are predominantly legal" (Obj. at 5) is equally meritless. The issues raised in these objections are no more "legal" than the issues raised in SCO's previous objections.

B. Motion to Amend.

SCO does not identify any legal basis for its motion to amend, which is by itself fatal to SCO's application, as discussed below. But even if the Court were to ignore that failure and construe SCO's motion as a motion to amend the Court's Scheduling Order (which required that SCO submit its Final Disclosures no later than December 22, 2005), the motion must be denied absent "extremely compelling circumstances" the standard established by the Court for modifications to the Scheduling Order. (6/10/04 Order at 3 (Docket No. 177); 7/1/05 Order at 4 (Docket No. 466).) This Court applied that heightened standard when it denied SCO's motion to file a Third Amended Complaint, finding that "the deadline for seeking leave to further amend has long-since passed" and that "SCO has not demonstrated the 'extremely compelling circumstances' required by this court's June 10, 2004 Order." (7/1/05 Order at 4.)

Argument

I. SCO'S OBJECTIONS TO THE ORDER ARE BASELESS.

As stated, SCO asserts, "[t]his Court should reverse the Magistrate Judge's Order for two main reasons": (1) nothing in the Court's July 2005 Order required SCO to include expert analysis in its Final Disclosures; and (2) SCO reasonably believed that it was not required to include expert analysis in its Final Disclosures, and allowing SCO to proceed as to the allegedly misused material disclosed in its expert reports but not in its Final Disclosures would not be prejudicial to IBM. Neither argument justifies setting aside the Order.

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A. Magistrate Judge Wells Properly Precluded SCO’s Attempted End Run.

Contrary to SCO's contention, Magistrate Judge Wells properly precluded SCO from reinventing its case at the thirteenth hour. Indeed, it would have been error for the Court to rule otherwise.

As SCO represented to the Court in trying to avoid entry of the Scheduling Order (which required the final disclosures at issue), a court has a "full arsenal of measures" to preclude a party from using evidence it fails to disclose to its adversary. (4/21/05 Hr'g Tr. at 95-96 (Addendum B hereto).) Rule 37(b)(2) provides that "[i]f a party . . . fails to obey an order to provide . . . discovery . . . , the court in which the action is pending may make such orders in regard to the failure as are just", including "[a]n order refusing to allow the disobedient party to support or oppose designated claims or defenses, or prohibiting that party from introducing designated matters in evidence." Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(b)(2)(B). Likewise, Rule 37(c) provides that

A party that without substantial justification fails to disclose information required by Rule 26(a) or 26(e)(1) or to amend a prior response to discovery as required by Rule 26(e)(2), is not, unless such failure is harmless, permitted to use as evidence at a trial, at a hearing, or on a motion any witness or information not so disclosed.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c). And, of course, Rule 1 requires a court to proceed so as "to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action". Fed. R. Civ. P. 1.

While SCO suggested before Magistrate Judge Wells that it included the disputed material in its Final Disclosures (SCO's Opp'n to IBM's Motion to Confine at 1), there is no question that it did not. In fact, SCO now admits as much, both in its objections and by way of its motion to amend. (See Mot. to Am. at 2; Obj. at 2.) Nor is there any justification for SCO's failure to disclose the material. The Court entered numerous orders requiring it (see 6/28/06 Order at 25-30 (Docket No. 718)); IBM repeatedly told SCO that, as it understood the Court's orders, all allegedly misused material had to be included in the parties' final disclosures (6/28/06

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Order at 32; see Addendum F at 2); and the parties stipulated that their claims would be limited to the material identified with specificity in their final disclosures. (12/7/05 Stipulation at 2-3 (Addendum C hereto).)

Moreover, allowing SCO to challenge as misused material that it had not disclosed in its Final Disclosures would have resulted in incurable prejudice to IBM. SCO sought to expand the case nearly six months after the deadline for its Final Disclosures, after the close of fact discovery, simultaneous with the filing of initial expert reports, on the eve of the due date of IBM's opposing expert reports and when summary judgment briefs were forthcoming. SCO had spent more than three years developing its theory of infringement and yet sought to force IBM to respond to its newly-minted allegations, without the benefit of discovery, in a matter of weeks. If that would not have been unfair, nothing would. For these reasons alone, SCO's objections to the Order are baseless.3

SCO's objections are also untenable because this Court's Order of November 29, 2006 compelled entry of the Order. As Magistrate Judge Wells stated in the Order, both her and this Court's prior orders (as well as the parties' stipulation) make clear that "SCO may not challenge as misused, by expert testimony or otherwise, any material that SCO has not specifically identified in its Final Disclosures of Material Allegedly Misused by IBM (Docket No. 591)". (12/21/06 Order at 2, (Docket No. 906).) Judge Wells could not have denied IBM's motion without undermining the Court's prior orders and the parties' stipulation. In fact, in entering the

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Order, Magistrate Judge Wells merely enforced the Court’s prior rulings, which are law of the case, see Roth v. Green, 466 F.3d 1179, 1187 (10th Cir. 2006), and the parties' stipulation, which is likewise binding on the parties, Fed. R. Civ. P. 29.

Notably, the reasons for affirming the Order here are even more compelling than were the reasons for affirming Judge Wells' Order of June 28, 2006. The issue presented by IBM's preclusion motion (the subject of the June 28 Order) was whether SCO could proceed with regard to allegedly misused material that was identified in its Final Disclosures but not with the requisite particularity. Judge Wells held that it could not, and this Court affirmed. The issue presented by IBM's motion to confine (the subject of the Order), by contrast, was whether SCO could proceed with regard to allegedly misused material that was not identified at all in the Final Disclosures, let alone with the requisite specificity. It cannot be that it was proper for Magistrate Judge Wells to preclude SCO from proceeding as to allegedly misused material that was disclosed in its Final Disclosures, albeit without the requisite specificity (as this Court properly ruled), but that it was improper for her to preclude SCO from proceeding as to allegedly misused material that was not disclosed at all in its Final Disclosures (as SCO incorrectly contends).

B. SCO's Arguments About the July 2005 Scheduling Order Are Unavailing.

Neither of SCO's arguments for setting aside the Order, which we address in three parts, justifies setting aside Judge Wells' ruling.

1. The July 2005 Scheduling Order.

SCO argues that Magistrate Judge Wells erred in entering the Order on the grounds that "the scheduling order and its procedural history make clear that the December 2005 submission was not required to be coextensive with expert reports". (Obj. at 5.) According to SCO, the Order "overlooks the distinction between allegedly misused material and the analysis required of

15

experts set forth in this Court’s July 2005 Order”. (Id. at 2.) This argument, and any argument that the Order misapprehends the meaning of the Court's Scheduling Order, is baseless.

Contrary to SCO's suggestion, the Order was not based solely on this Court's Scheduling Order. Magistrate Judge Wells also based her decision on: "the parties' Stipulation re Scheduling Order dated December 7, 2005, this Court's order dated June 28, 2006, and Judge Kimball's order dated November 29, 2006". (12/21/06 Order at 2 (Docket No. 906).) Any one of these grounds, which are unchallenged by SCO, is sufficient to justify affirmance of Judge Wells' decision. In fact, where a party fails to challenge an alternative ground for a holding, it waives any claim of error with respect to the court's decision on that issue. See, e.g., GFF Corp. v. Associated Wholesale Grocers, Inc., 130 F.3d 1381, 1387-88 (10th Cir. 1997); Yumukoglu v. Provident Life & Acc. Ins. Co., 36 Fed. Appx. 378, 383 (10th Cir. 2002); see also United States v. Hatchett, 245 F.3d 625, 644-45 (7th Cir. 2001) (holding that in "situations in which there is one or more alternative holdings on an issue, . . . failure to address one of the holdings results in a waiver of any claim of error with respect to the court's decision on that issue.") (internal quotation marks omitted). 4

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Notably, SCO represented to the Court in advance of the Order that it could limit SCO’s claims in the absence of the provision in the Scheduling Order requiring final disclosures. In opposing (without success) IBM's request for the entry of a deadline for final disclosures of allegedly misused material, SCO assured the Court, as stated above, that, even without imposing a specific disclosure deadline, the Court could preclude SCO from using evidence that it failed timely to disclose:
The Court [has a full] arsenal of measures it can take to allow more time or to preclude us from using evidence if we haven't produced responses to those interrogatories in time.

(4/21/05 Hr'g Tr. at 95-96 (Addendum B hereto).) It cannot be that the Court has less power to limit SCO's claims now after the entry of the July 2005 Scheduling Order than SCO acknowledged that the Court had before entry of the Order. SCO previously (and correctly) conceded that the Court could do exactly what Judge Wells did in granting IBM's motion, and SCO cannot now be heard to argue otherwise.

Even if (contrary to fact) the Order turned entirely on the Scheduling Order and even if it were Judge Wells' only source of authority to manage this litigation, SCO's argument about it would miss the mark. SCO badly misconstrues both the Scheduling Order and Judge Wells' decision. Contrary to SCO's suggestion, the Scheduling Order did not permit SCO to identify in expert reports allegedly misused material not identified by SCO in its Final Disclosures, and Judge Wells did not rule that the Scheduling Order (or any other order) required SCO to include its experts' analysis in its Final Disclosures. IBM does not contend and Judge Wells did not rule that the Final Disclosures required a full explication of SCO's legal arguments, extended expert analysis or submission of all of SCO's trial exhibits. What the Court required of both parties

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allegedly misused material once and for all.5

If SCO's revisionist view of the Court's order and the parties' agreement were correct, neither the Order nor the stipulation would have any meaning. As SCO construes them, SCO would be free to identify new material at any time including during trial.

2. SCO's Purported Belief in its Compliance.

SCO also argues that it "was substantially justified in asking three experts to undertake the analyses at issue when they did. Such justification exists where there is a 'genuine dispute' regarding compliance or 'if reasonable people could differ as to the appropriateness of the contested action'". (Obj. at 30.) This argument, like SCO's first argument, is untenable.

As an initial matter, SCO failed to raise this argument before Magistrate Judge Wells and therefore waived the right to pursue it on appeal. Issues raised for the first time in objections to the magistrate judge's recommendations are deemed waived. See, e.g., Marshall v. Chater, 75 F.3d 1421, 1426 (10th Cir. 1996) ("Issues raised for the first time in objections to the magistrate judge's recommendation are deemed waived."); Perkis v. Sirmons, No. 06-6147, 2006 U.S. App. LEXIS 26656 at *11 (10th Cir. Oct. 24, 2006) (same) (Addendum K hereto); Gibbs v.

18

Massanari, 21 Fed. Appx. 813, 815 (10th Cir. 2001) (same); Dial v. Champion, 4 Fed. Appx. 640, 641 (10th Cir. 2001) (same).6

Even if SCO had not waived the argument, SCO could not show that it was "substantially justified" in seeking to pursue claims relating to allegedly misused material not identified in its Final Disclosures. As stated above, the Court has been perfectly clear that SCO's claims are limited to the allegedly misused material identified with specificity in SCO's Final Disclosures; IBM repeatedly advised SCO that IBM understood and interpreted the Court's orders to preclude the parties from proceeding with respect to allegedly misused material not identified with specificity in their final disclosures; and the parties stipulated that they were required to identify with specificity "any and all" material that each party contends the other has misused no later than December 22, 2005.

SCO suggests that IBM represented to this Court that expert reports could be used to supplement the Final Disclosures and thus, it says, IBM should not be allowed to complain that SCO's expert reports seek to supplement the Final Disclosures. (Obj. at 4-5.) SCO is incorrect. IBM repeatedly stated exactly the opposite, as is evident from the two memoranda and the transcript attached as Addenda B, G and H hereto. In fact, in the very brief cited by SCO as support for IBM's supposed inconsistent position, IBM stated:

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SCO cannot credibly contend that it should be allowed to identify the material at issue in this case for the first time via its expert reports and after the close of fact discovery. The Allegedly Misused Material must be disclosed well in advance of the close of all fact discovery so that the parties can take fact discovery as to their defenses and focus on the issues to be addressed during the expert phase of the case. Not requiring the parties to disclose the Allegedly Misused Material before the close of all fact discovery would merely allow sandbagging.

(Reply Mem. in Further Supp. of IBM's Proposed Scheduling Order, dated April 11, 2005) at 4- 5 (Addendum H).) Tellingly, SCO excluded this language from its citation. (Obj. at 4.)

SCO's own conduct belies its new found interpretation of the Court's Order, and the parties' agreement. SCO identified numerous items of allegedly infringing Linux material in the very Final Disclosures that it now argues did not require the identification of all allegedly infringing Linux material. Moreover, SCO expressly states in the Final Disclosures that these materials were provided pursuant to the Court's Order of July 1, 2005. (See SCO's Second Revised Supp. Resp. to Defendant's Six Sets of Interrogs. at 2 (Addendum I hereto).) Yet SCO would now have the Court believe this material was merely provided as a courtesy to IBM, not because it was required to disclose allegedly infringing material in Linux with specificity.

3. SCO's Protestations Regarding Prejudice.

Finally, SCO asserts that "IBM has suffered no prejudice". (Obj. at 30-34.) That is not true, but if it were, it would only be because Magistrate Judge Wells properly entered the Order and thus protected IBM from the prejudice that would have resulted if SCO had been allowed to reinvent its case after the submission of its Final Disclosures, subsequent to the close of fact discovery, and simultaneous with IBM's submission of expert reports (which were based on SCO's Final Disclosures).

a. The Record Fully Supports a Finding of Prejudice.

Allowing SCO to reinvent its case at the thirteenth hour would have resulted in incurable prejudice to IBM for reasons that could not be more obvious: SCO's new allegations concern

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massive amounts of allegedly misused material as to which IBM has not taken discovery (fact or expert), and the only way IBM could have properly prepared a defense to SCO's new claims would have been to redo much of the fact, expert and summary judgment work that it had spent nearly four years doing, which would have required at least a year of additional litigation (if not more).

In any case, SCO made no showing before Magistrate Judge Wells that its effort to reinvent its case would be harmless. Indeed, SCO mentioned the issue of prejudice in its brief below only in a footnote.7(See SCO Opp'n to IBM's Mot. to Confine at 16 n.6.) Thus, not only did SCO fail to meet its burden to demonstrate that its non-disclosure of the allegedly misused material at issue was harmless, see Fed. R. Civ. P . 37(c), but also it waived the right to raise the issue on appeal. As stated, issues raised for the first time in objections to a magistrate judge's recommendations are deemed waived. (See Section I.B.2 above.) Issues mentioned in a perfunctory manner and issues raised for the first time in oral argument are deemed waived. See Business Credit Leasing, Inc. v. Biddeford, 770 F. Supp. 31, 33-34 (D. Maine 1991) ("issues mentioned in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at developed argumentation, are deemed waived") (quoting Collins v. Marina-Martinez, 894 F.2d 474, 481 n. 9 (1st Cir. 1990)); Authentic Hansom Cabs, Ltd. v. Nisselson, No. 03-9468, 2004 WL 2997794, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 27, 2004) ("Appellant further argues that, although it was not briefed, the issue of the Overlease's incorporation was extensively debated during oral argument before the

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Bankruptcy Court, and thus the issue was preserved on appeal.... However, ....[i]ssues not argued in briefs are considered waived and not addressed on appeal.") (Addendum K hereto).

Courts have refused to allow a party to change its case under far less compelling circumstances. For example, in Lynchval Systems, Inc. v. Chicago Consulting Actuaries, Inc., No. 95-1490, 1996 WL 735586, at *9 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 19, 1996) (Addendum K hereto), the court rejected plaintiff's attempts to expand the scope of its case through its expert reports by striking references to misused materials in the report that were not adequately disclosed during discovery. As the Court did here, the court in Lynchval entered an "order requiring [plaintiff] to produce a final response to [defendant's] Interrogatory 2, specifying each allegedly [misused item], by the end of fact discovery." Id at *8. Like SCO, the plaintiff in Lynchval provided a list of misused materials, but then filed an expert report referring to numerous materials not disclosed in its final list of misused materials. Id at *6, 9. Rejecting such attempts to expand the scope of the case, the court in Lynchval struck from plaintiff's expert report any reference to those misused materials that had not been adequately disclosed in plaintiff's final list. Id at *9. The court in Lynchval observed that defendants' "defense [was] seriously hampered" because defendants "reasonably expected to obtain a complete list of the allegedly stolen trade secrets . . . prepared and exchanged expert reports [based on that list] [and] . . . [i]n light of any additional trade secrets and subsequent depositions, defendants' expert would have to amend his own report in light of this new information." Id The court rejected the notion that reopening discovery would be an adequate remedy because it "compounds the delay until trial and subjects the defendants to costs beyond . . . depositions". Id. 8

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b. SCO’s Prejudice Arguments Are Untenable.

SCO asserts a number of specific arguments in support of its claim that IBM would not be prejudiced by SCO's end run of the Courts' orders and the parties' stipulation. Putting aside the fact that SCO raised none of these arguments in its memorandum in opposition to IBM's motion (before Judge Wells) and thus cannot pursue them on appeal, e.g., Marshall v. Chater, 75 F.3d 1421, 1426 (10th Cir. 1996) ("Issues raised for the first time in objections to the magistrate judge's recommendation are deemed waived."), none of the arguments bears the slightest scrutiny:

First, SCO argues that "IBM does not and cannot dispute that its counsel had the opportunity to depose each of the three experts at issue regarding the full content of their reports".9 (Obj. at 30.) That is incorrect. Ignoring the fact that the reports at issue do not properly disclose all of the material that SCO seeks to sneak in by the back door (see Section II below), the mere fact that SCO's experts mentioned the material did not give IBM a fair opportunity to depose them. By its expert reports SCO sought radically to change its case -- for

23

example, rather than limit Dr. Cargill’s report to the 326 lines of code from the Linux kernel identified in the Final Disclosures, the Cargill report challenged nearly every file in the Linux kernel (which is comprised of more than seven million lines of code). Substantial fact discovery and expert analysis would have been required before IBM could have properly prepared its defense and taken a meaningful deposition of SCO's experts.

Second, SCO claims that "IBM has known for over two years, at least since IBM brought its broad Tenth Counterclaim, that this case involves the question of whether Linux is substantially similar to UNIX System V under the copyright laws". (Obj. at 32.) While IBM and the rest of the world have long known that SCO generally accuses Linux of infringement (thus raising the question whether Linux is substantially similar to UNIX System V), IBM did not know that SCO sought to challenge the specific material at issue here until SCO submitted its expert reports nearly six months after the deadline for its Final Disclosures, after the close of fact discovery, simultaneous with the filing of initial expert reports, on the eve of the due date of IBM's opposing expert reports and when summary judgment briefs were forthcoming. The mere fact that IBM knew SCO accused IBM of infringement does not mean IBM knew anything more about SCO's claim. If knowing the general nature of a plaintiffs' claim were enough, then no defendant could ever establish prejudice based on a plaintiff's failure to disclose its allegations, as the complaint would tell the defendant all it ever needed to know.10

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Third, SCO argues that “IBM has now had several months in which to prepare an expert report or reports to address the material the Magistrate Judge has excluded" and, with the adjournment of the trial date, IBM could conduct additional discovery. (Obj. at 32.) However, IBM has not used the time since SCO sought improperly to expand the case to prepare a defense to SCO's reinvented allegations. They were not and are not in the case. Moreover, as stated, preparing a defense to the new allegations in SCO's expert reports would take no less than an additional year with the benefit of fact and expert discovery both of which closed months ago. Allowing SCO to proceed as to the new material would require reopening fact discovery, redoing expert reports and depositions, and redoing summary judgment briefing. Significant delay and expense would result. That alone would result in incurable prejudice, as it would deny IBM prompt resolution of SCO's continued assertions of misconduct and disparagement, which continue to cause injury to IBM. SCO's attempt to force IBM to defend new allegations is unfair if not abusive and should not be allowed.

Fourth, SCO argues that "there is a public interest in having disputes resolved on their merits". (Obj. at 33.) That may be true, but there is an equally strong public interest in protecting the integrity of the judicial system from the flouting of discovery deadlines and protecting litigants from litigation by ambush. See, e.g., Finch v. Hercules, Inc., No. Civ. A. 92- 251 MMS, 1995 WL 785100, at *9 (D. Del. Dec. 22, 1995) (holding that the "flouting of discovery deadlines causes substantial harm to the judicial system.") (Addendum K hereto). Moreover, SCO's claims will be decided on the merits. SCO's allegations of infringement concern an operating system that has been publicly available since its inception in 1991, and the allegedly infringed material has been in SCO's possession since long before the commencement of this case. Even so, the Court afforded SCO the opportunity to take substantial discovery

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concerning its claims during more than three years of litigation. 11 No greater opportunity for a resolution on the merits could reasonably have been provided.

Finally, SCO argues that "IBM's contention that it would need to go through millions of lines of code to respond to SCO's claims . . . is without merit". According to SCO, "IBM's experts undertook no such analysis, and no such analysis is required". (Obj. at 33.) Like much of SCO's brief, this assertion is both false and unsupported. IBM's experts undertook an extensive analysis of each and every one of the lines of code properly identified in SCO's Final Disclosures, as illustrated by Exhibit H to the 8/28/06 Report and Declaration of Brian W. Kernighan and Randall Davis. (Addendum J hereto.) The same analysis would be required to prepare a defense to SCO's allegations of misuse relating to the code SCO sought to sneak in.

C. SCO's Arguments Relating to Its Expert Reports Are Meritless.

SCO contends that the new material was properly included in three of its expert reports and makes arguments as to each of those three reports. While SCO devotes many pages to developing these arguments (some of which are raised for the first time on this appeal), they boil down to a handful of unpersuasive propositions each without merit.

First, SCO's claim that it was not required to disclose the "overall structure" or other "non-literal" aspects of its claims as misused material (Obj. at 16-22) is precluded by the plain language of IBM's requests and the Court's orders. IBM's requests and the Court's orders broadly required the disclosure of all allegedly misused material (whether literal, non-literal or otherwise). Neither IBM's requests nor the Court's orders made any exception for non-literal

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items of allegedly misused material, and there would not have been any reason for them to do so. Contrary to SCO's suggestion, there is no reason it could not have disclosed in its Final Disclosures the non-literal elements that it now seeks to insert into the case. Indeed, SCO proposes now to do so by way of amendment to its Final Disclosures. Also contrary to SCO's suggestion, detailed disclosures are not unnecessary as to allegations of non-literal infringement (any more than they are unnecessary regarding methods and concepts); they are more necessary. And the kind of detail the Court required can be provided both by version, file and line of code, as well as by detailed narrative.12

Second, and for the first time, SCO makes the opposite argument that the Order did require such disclosure, but that such a requirement is foreclosed by the Tenth Circuit's decision in Gates Rubber Co. v. Bando Chemical Industries, Ltd., 9 F.3d 823 (10th Cir. 1993), rendering that requirement "contrary to law." (Obj. at 12-16.) Specifically, SCO claims that the Order "permits SCO to pursue its copyright claim based only on specific lines of code" and therefore "simply eliminates entire steps required in Gates Rubber." (Obj. at 12) (emphasis in original). This argument too fails. Putting aside the inconsistency of SCO's position (which, as stated, is opposite from the position it took below), arguments raised for the first time on appeal are waived (as stated above). Marshall, 75 F.3d at 1426. Waiver is particularly appropriate here, where SCO attempts to manufacture a conflict between discovery and scheduling orders entered in this case years ago and Tenth Circuit authority issued in 1993. Moreover, the Order is not in any way inconsistent with Tenth Circuit law: the Order merely required SCO to particularize its

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claims (whether it sought to challenge particular lines of code or non-literal elements of Linux). If the Order limits SCO's copyright claim to specific lines of code, it is only because SCO's Final Disclosures disclose only particular lines of code with the requisite particularity. SCO alone is responsible for the decision to limit its disclosures to particular lines of code. If SCO wished to challenge non-literal elements as part of its copyright claim, then it was required to detail those elements and its claim (which, like any element of an operating system, can be described by version, file and line of code). Here again, the allegedly misused material at issue was nowhere disclosed in SCO's Final Disclosures, let alone disclosed in detail, as required by the Court.13

Third, SCO contends that it was only required to submit "examples" of allegedly misused material with its Final Disclosures, so long as it made a general allegation of misuse as to a particular technology, and that its experts were then free to include "further examples" in their reports. (Obj. at 25.) This argument cannot be taken seriously. Previous orders required SCO "to provide and identify all specific lines of code from Unix System V from which IBM's contributions from AIX or Dynix are alleged to be derived" (3/3/04 Order ¶ 3 (Docket No. 109) (emphasis added)) and "all specific lines of code that IBM is alleged to have contributed to Linux from either AIX or Dynix" (id. ¶ 2 (emphasis added)). If there were any doubt about it, this Court has made clear that SCO could not satisfy its obligations under the previous orders by

28

a bare allegation that IBM contributed code to Linux from AIX. (11/29/06 Order at 4 (Docket No. 884).) More to the point, the Court's previous orders required SCO to identify "all specific lines of code" in its Final Disclosures (6/28/06 Order at 26-27 (Docket No. 718) (quoting 3/3/04 Order ¶¶ 2-3 (Docket No. 109)) (emphasis added)); they did not allow SCO to satisfy its obligation by providing "examples" of specific lines of code in its Final Disclosures, and then provide different "examples" of specific lines of code in its expert reports. Simply put, such a reading would nullify three-years worth of consistent orders of the Court.

Fourth, SCO contends that the specific examples of Allegedly Misused Material that SCO disclosed for the first time in Mr. Rochkind's report is "information that SCO is not relying upon as 'misused material,' but rather is cited by Mr. Rochkind as supporting proof for one part of his analysis." (Obj. at 28.) SCO's argument is baseless and mischaracterizes the Rochkind report, which plainly accuses IBM of misusing additional material that was not contained in the Final Disclosures. For example, the only difference between Item 16 of SCO's Final Disclosures and Mr. Rochkind's new material is that Mr. Rochkind simply adds 73 additional files to Item 16's list of 15 files. (Rochkind Rpt. at 148-49.) SCO's contention would mean that Item 16 is not an allegation of misuse, which it clearly is because it is part of SCO's "Disclosure of Material Misused by IBM". Notably, when SCO made this assertion below, counsel for IBM asked counsel for SCO to stipulate that it was not claiming misuse as to the testing technology claims, but SCO declined to stipulate. (Addendum E at 57.)

Finally, SCO contends that the Order creates a "Catch-22" because "if SCO had included [its legal theory of copyright infringement in its Final Disclosures], IBM would have moved to strike it, on the grounds that it lacked version, file and line information." (Obj. at 23.) Contrary to SCO's claim, there is no such paradox. If SCO had described its allegation of infringement in

29

detail in its Final Disclosures, as IBM requested and the Court required (in order after order), then there would have been no basis on which IBM could have made a motion to strike. There is absolutely no reason the material SCO now seeks to add to the case could not have been disclosed in the Final Disclosures by version, file and line of code. And even assuming (for the sake of argument) that it could not have been described by version, file and line of code, it could have otherwise been described in detail. To reiterate: even if it could not have included version, file and line information, SCO could have described its allegations in detail. Yet, SCO elected to remain silent.14

II. SCO'S MOTION TO AMEND LACKS MERIT.

As a fallback position, SCO seeks leave to amend its Final Disclosures to include in them the allegedly misused material identified by it for the first time in its expert reports. The motion is, however, untenable.

A. SCO's Motion Is Procedurally Flawed.

As an initial matter, DUCivR 7-1(b)(1) requires that all motions state the "grounds for the request and cite applicable rules, statutes, or other authority justifying the relief sought". DUCivR 7-1(b)(1). "This requirement is not procedural pedantry. Compliant motions set forth the relevant legal standard against which opposing counsel must contend and under which the court must operate." World Group Securities, Inc. v. Sanders, 06-00107, 2006 WL 1278738, at *2 (D. Utah May 8, 2006) (Addendum K hereto); see Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n v.

30

Brockbank, No. 00-622, 2006 WL 223835, at *1 n.2 (D. Utah Jan. 30, 2006) (Addendum K hereto).

SCO's motion consists of a one-sentence request accompanied by a cross-reference to its memorandum. Neither SCO's motion nor its memorandum contains any citation to any "rules, statutes, or other authority justifying the relief sought." DUCivR 7-1(b)(1). The only authority cited in SCO's memorandum relates to its contentions that IBM would not be prejudiced by the proposed amendment and that SCO would be prejudiced by its denial (Mot. to Am. at 9-11), along with a citation to a single case allowing untimely discovered evidence to be used at trial but having nothing to do with amendments to interrogatory responses (id. at 7). This comes nowhere near compliance with Local Rule 7-1.

B. SCO Cannot Establish Extremely Compelling Circumstances.

Even if SCO had not failed to state the grounds for its motion and the motion were construed as a motion to amend the Scheduling Order, it should be denied. As stated, the Court's Scheduling Order may not be modified except in "extremely compelling circumstances". (6/10/04 Order at 3 (Docket No. 177); 7/1/05 Order at 4 (Docket No. 466).) SCO's motion to amend is based on essentially the same grounds as its objections to the Order. Thus, SCO's motion to amend fails for the same reasons as its objections, which we do not repeat here in detail but incorporate by reference, as well as the reasons set out below.

First, SCO argues that "SCO reasonably did not include the supplemental material in the December Submission". (Mot. to Am. at 6-7.) As stated above, however, the Court's orders, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the parties' stipulation and basic principles of fairness made clear that the parties could not challenge as misused allegedly misused material not identified with specificity in the parties' final disclosures. No exception was made for material that a party might choose to put in its expert reports. SCO's selective reading of IBM's statements to the

31

Court about what it believed was required to be included in the parties’ final disclosures (discussed above) offers no support for SCO's claims of ignorance.15

Second, SCO argues that "the amendment of the December Submission to include the supplemental material would not prejudice IBM". (Mot. to Am. at 7-10.) As is also discussed above, however, allowing SCO to proceed as to allegedly misused material not identified with specificity in its Final Disclosures would result in incurable prejudice to IBM. The only no-prejudice argument that SCO makes here but not in connection with its objections is that "IBM's expert reports already responded to several of the categories of enumerated information". (Mot. at 8.) But that is just not true, as evidenced by the sworn testimony of IBM's experts. (7/17/06 Rpt. and Decl. of B. Kernighan & R. Davis at ¶ 3 (Ex. 214 to the 9/25/05 Shaughnessy Decl. (Docket No. 804)); 8/28/06 Rpt. and Decl. of B. Kernighan & R. Davis at ¶ 2 (Ex. 215 to the 9/25/05 Shaughnessy Decl.).)16

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Third, SCO argues that SCO would be prejudiced by denial of the motion. (Mot. to Am. at 10.) While SCO's case might be prejudiced if it were unable to reinvent it, there could be nothing undue about that prejudice. See, e.g., Hussain v. Principi, 344 F. Supp. 2d 86, 93 (D.D.C. 2004) (denying leave to reopen discovery despite plaintiff's argument that without it, he would "lack[] the evidence to respond to defendant's dispositive motion"), aff'd, 435 F.3d 359, 364 (D.C. Cir. 2006). A party cannot establish a claim of prejudice based on its failure to comply with a Court order. Roadway Exp., Inc. v. Piper, 447 U.S. 752, 763-64 (1980) ("Rule 37 sanctions must be applied diligently both 'to penalize those whose conduct may be deemed to warrant such a sanction, [and] to deter those who might be tempted to [engage in] such conduct in the absence of such a deterrent.'"); Starlight Int'l, Inc. v. Herlihy, 186 F.R.D. 626, 646 (D. Kan. 1999) ("Sanctions under Rule 37 are intended to ensure that a party does not benefit from its failure to comply, and to deter those who might be tempted to such conduct in the absence of such a deterrent.").

Fourth, and finally, SCO argues that "the supplemental material is fully disclosed and analyzed in SCO's expert reports". (Mot. to Am. at 3-6.) That is also not true, as illustrated by 73 of the additional files added by Mr. Rochkind. SCO's disclosure as to those files is similar to its disclosure as to the material in SCO's Item 16, which the Court ruled did not adequately specify the allegedly misused material. Mr. Rochkind quotes the same email as Item 16 and provides the same level of detail (what little there is) as Item 16. The only difference between Item 16 and Mr. Rochkind's new material is that Mr. Rochkind simply adds 73 additional files to Item 16's list of 15 files. (Rochkind Rpt. at 148-49.) In any event, even if SCO's expert reports did disclose the allegedly misused material with the requisite specificity, that is not a basis for leave to amend. If it were, each and every request to amend SCO might make would have to be

33

granted so long as the material to be added was identified. SCO’s motion to amend fails because it cannot establish any of the required elements, and because extremely compelling circumstances do not exist for the addition of allegedly misused material not included in SCO's Final Disclosures.

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, IBM respectfully requests that this Court overrule SCO's Objections to the Magistrate Judge's Order on IBM's Motion to Confine and deny SCO's Motion to Amend its December 2005 Submission.

DATED this 21st day of February, 2007.

SNELL & WILMER L.L.P.

/s/ Amy F. Sorenson
Alan L. Sullivan Todd M. Shaughnessy
Amy F. Sorenson

CRAVATH, SWAINE & MOORE LLP
Evan R. Chesler
David R. Marriott

Of Counsel:

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION
Alec S. Berman
[address, phone]

Attorneys for Defendant/Counterclaim-Plaintiff
International Business Machines Corporation

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CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

I hereby certify that on the 21st day of February 2007, a true and correct copy of the foregoing, together with the addenda thereto,* were electronically filed with the Clerk of the Court and delivered by CM/ECF system to the following:

Brent O. Hatch
Mark F. James
HATCH, JAMES & DODGE, P.C.
[address]

Robert Silver
Edward Normand
BOIES, SCHILLER & FLEXNER LLP
[address]

Stephen N. Zack
Mark J. Heise
BOIES, SCHILLER & FLEXNER LLP
[address]

* Addenda I , J and K were previously filed conventionally and mailed, postage prepaid, to the above parties.

/s/ Amy F. Sorenson
Amy F. Sorenson

INDEX TO ADDENDA

Addendum A: Court Orders and Rule 26(e) Addendum B: 4/21/05 Hearing Transcript

Addendum C: 12/7/05 Stipulation Re Scheduling Order

Addendum D: Addendum B to IBM's Reply Mem. in Further Support of Motion to Limit SCO's Claims Relating to Allegedly Misused Material, dated April 4, 2006

Addendum E: 11/30/06 Hearing Transcript

Addendum F: 12/5/05 Letter from Todd Shaughnessy to Edward Normand

Addendum G: Mem. Attaching and in Support of IBM's Proposed Scheduling Order, dated March 25, 2005

Addendum H: Reply Mem. in Further Supp. of IBM's Proposed Scheduling Order, dated April 11, 2005

Addendum I: SCO's Second Revised Supplemental Response to Defendant's Six Sets of Interrogatories (Filed Under Seal), Docket No. 965

Addendum J: Exhibit H to the 8/28/06 Report and Declaration of Brian W. Kernighan and Randall Davis (Filed Under Seal), Docket No. 964

Addendum K: Unpublished Opinions, Docket No. 963


1 This corrected memorandum merely corrects certain typographical errors in IBM's Memorandum in Opposition to SCO's Objections to the Magistrate Judge's Order on IBM's Motion to Confine and SCO's Motion to Amend Its December 2005 Submission, Docket No. 961, filed February 16, 2007. It does not otherwise change the arguments therein.

2 Citations to SCO's memorandum in support of its objections are given as "Obj. at __". Citations to SCO's memorandum in support of its motion to amend are given as "Mot. to Am. at __".

3 There is ample authority for limiting a party's claims to the scope of its disclosures, especially where the disclosures were ordered by the Court. See Kern River Gas Transmission Co. v. 6.17 Acres of Land, 156 Fed. Appx. 96, 100, 103 (10th Cir. 2005); Praxair, Inc. v. Atmi, Inc., 231 F.R.D. 457, 463-64 (D. Del. 2005); Lynchval Sys., Inc. v. Chicago Consulting Actuaries, Inc., Civ. A. No. 95 C 1490, 1996 WL 735586, at *9 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 19, 1996) (Addendum K hereto).

4 See also United States v. Wilson, No. 99-6233, 2000 U.S. App. LEXIS 21416 at *5 (10th Cir. Aug. 23, 2000) ("As the unchallenged perjury/subornation finding is, by itself, a sufficient basis for the enhancement, defendant's success on appeal is foreclosed regardless of his arguments relating to witness intimidation.") (Addendum K hereto); Hutchinson v. Pfeil, No. 98-5248, 2000 U.S. App. LEXIS 6260 at *7-8 (10th Cir. April 4, 2000) ("plaintiffs' deficient challenge to the laches ruling undercuts their entire appeal from summary judgment, the entry of which is fully supportable on the basis of laches alone") (Addendum K hereto); Berna v. Chater, 101 F.3d 631, 633 (10th Cir. 1996) ("if on appeal a claimant challenges only one of two alternative rationales supporting a disposition, 'this choice of litigation strategy necessarily carries with it adverse consequences for [the] appeal as a whole. Since the unchallenged [rationale] is, by itself, a sufficient basis for the denial of benefits, [claimant's] success on appeal is foreclosed regardless of the merits of [the] arguments relating to [the challenged alternative].'") (internal citations omitted); Murrell v. Shalala, 43 F.3d 1388, 1388-90 (10th Cir. 1994) (appellate relief foreclosed when appellant challenges only one of two alternate bases for ruling under review); White v. Norton, No. 04-2555, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 71022 at *4 (D. Colo. Sept. 29, 2006) (where plaintiff's objections did not address magistrate judge's ruling that he had failed to exhaust administrative remedies, his claim failed) (Addendum K hereto).

5 As if to suggest that it is being held to an impossible standard, SCO argues that neither IBM nor Judge Wells has even been able to tell SCO exactly what it is supposed to have put in its Final Disclosures but did not. (Obj. at 22-24.) That is false. Both IBM's discovery requests and the Court's orders are clear on the subject. For example, IBM's Interrogatory Nos. 4 and 13 and the Court's corresponding orders required that SCO describe in detail "the specific manner in which IBM is alleged to have engaged in misuse or misappropriation", and "how IBM is alleged to have infringed plaintiff's rights". (Addendum A hereto; see 6/28/06 Order at 10.) SCO was required to identify the material that it later sought to sneak in through its expert reports.

6 See also Fistell v. Neet, No. 03-284, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 72628 at * 9-10 (D. Colo. Oct. 5, 2006) (holding that "[i]ssues raised for the first time in objections to the magistrate judge's recommendations are deemed waived.") (Addendum K hereto); White v. Norton, No. 04-2555, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 71022 at *3-4 (D. Colo. Sept. 29, 2006) (same) (Addendum K hereto); Alleyne v. Midland Mortg. Co., No. 05-02412, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 75851 at *7-8 (D. Colo. Sept. 12, 2006) (same) (Addendum K hereto); Mariani v. Stommel, No. 05-01406, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 64723 at *3 (D. Colo. Sept. 7, 2006) (same) (Addendum K hereto); Krista v. LaFortune, No. 06-00034, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 36409 (D. Colo. June 1, 2006) (same) (Addendum K hereto); Utah Women's Clinic, Inc. v. Leavitt, 844 F. Supp. 1482, 1487 n.7 (D. Utah 1994) (same), rev'd on other grounds, 75 F.3d 564 (10th Cir. 1995).

7 SCO devoted only a footnote to addressing the prejudice caused by its new claims. (SCO Opp'n to IBM's Mot. to Confine at 16 n.6.) And there it argued only (and incorrectly) that IBM would not require more than three additional months to address the new material. (Id.) That was more than enough time, said SCO, because "[u]nder the Court's schedule, IBM was provided only three months of fact discovery, until March 2006, following the submission of the December 2005 reports." (Id.) In so arguing, SCO ignored the fact that any additional delay in these proceedings would have been prejudicial to IBM. Moreover, SCO mischaracterized the nature of the three-month discovery period previously provided by the Court.

8 See also Kern River Gas Transmission Co. v. 6.17 Acres of Land, 156 Fed.Appx. 96, 100, 103 (10th Cir. 2005) (affirming district court's decision "preclud[ing] . . . [defendant] from introducing at the trial any expert evidence or documents not produced during discovery"); Praxair, Inc. v. Atmi, Inc., 231 F.R.D. 457, 463-64 (D. Del. 2005) (striking portions of expert report that incorporated new evidence and defenses that were not disclosed prior to a discovery cutoff).

9 SCO cites a number of cases for the proposition that IBM's "opportunity to take depositions alone" precludes a finding of any prejudice. They are all inapposite, however, because none of them deals with facts even remotely approaching those here. Allowing IBM to re-depose SCO's experts would not even have begun to cure the prejudice that IBM would have suffered if Judge Wells had not entered the Order. See Nolan v. Board of County Comm'rs for Oklahoma County, No. 04-204, 2005 WL 2978328, at *2 (W.D. Okla. Nov. 7, 2005); Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. v. Allegheny Energy, Inc., No. 02-7689, 2005 WL 832050, *8 (S.D.N.Y. April 12, 2005) (Addendum K hereto); Luma Corp. v. Stryker Corp., 226 F.R.D. 536, 543-544 (S.D.W.Va. 2005); Chase Manhattan Mortg. Corp. v. Advanta Corp., No. 01-507, 2004 WL 912949, at *1 (D. Del. April 22, 2004) (Addendum K hereto); Summers v. Missouri Pac. R.R. Sys., 132 F.3d 599, 605 (10th Cir. 1997);Barry v. ASA Building Maintenance, 457 F. Supp. 2d 489, 490 (S.D.N.Y. 2006); Houlihan v. Invacare Corp., No. 04-4286, 2006 WL 1455469, at *1 (E.D.N.Y. May 24, 2006) (Addendum K hereto); Cartier, Inc. v. Four Star Jewelry Creations, Inc., No. 01-11295, 2003 WL 22471909, *2 (S.D.N.Y. October 31, 2003) (Addendum K hereto).

10 SCO points to a magazine article in which it is quoted as claiming that Linux infringes SCO's alleged UNIX copyrights and the fact that IBM brought a claim against SCO seeking a declaration of non-infringement. (Obj. at 16-19.) But neither SCO's press releases nor the counterclaim IBM filed in response revealed the specifics of SCO's allegations. That is, of course, the reason IBM sought, and the Court ordered, specific identification of the allegedly misused material. At bottom, SCO's argument makes no sense. SCO argues simply that it was not required to answer interrogatories or to identify the new material in the Final Disclosures because it had publicly asserted generally that Linux infringes its copyrights and IBM knew of the assertions. To state this argument is to refute it.

11 As the Court may recall, SCO's alleged predecessor undertook a study of whether Linux infringes SCO's alleged UNIX copyrights beginning in 1999 (which SCO ignored for years while it pursued a Linux strategy). (See IBM's Mem. in Support of Summary Judgment on Its 10th Counterclaim ¶¶ 84-87.)

12 SCO's argument is also defeated by its own description of its experts' analyses. For example, according to SCO, Dr. Cargill's reports appropriately describe all of the material IBM is alleged to have misused. Assuming the truth of that assertion, there is no reason SCO could not have disclosed the material in its Final Disclosures. Yet, the Final Disclosures come nowhere near identifying it.

13 Even accepting for purposes of argument SCO's claim that "structural" or other "non-literal" infringement analyses are not susceptible of version, file and line disclosure (see Obj. at 12), then SCO was obligated to seek clarification from the Court regarding that supposed conundrum. (6/28/06 Order at 32 (finding SCO's failure to identify its allegedly misused material was "intentional and therefore willful based on SCO's disregard of the court's orders and failure to seek clarification").) Instead, SCO's argument demonstrates that it chose to identify some allegedly infringing material in its Final Disclosures and then sit silently by knowing that the results of its experts' analysis would result in the identification of additional allegedly infringing material after it provided its Final Disclosures.

14 As discussed above, and as just one example, SCO clearly was able to identify (by version, file and line) the source code for all of the system calls that Dr. Cargill analyzes in his reports. Indeed, Dr. Cargill specifies each of the system calls by quoting the literal lines of code that compose them. (See Cargill Rpt. Ex. D(5).) From these system calls, Dr. Cargill opines that "the substantial similarity of system calls in both systems embodies a substantial similarity between the structure of the two systems". (Cargill Rebuttal Rpt. at 32.) It is apparent, then, that Dr. Cargill's "overall structure" argument is based on actual lines of code that he believes are substantially similar in SVr4 and Linux.

15 SCO asserts that "[w]hen Dr. Cargill prepared his May 2006 expert report, he located certain additional UNIX system calls that were being used in violation of SCO's UNIX copyrights", purportedly in a book published in April 2006. (Mot. to Am. at 5.) This contention, however, is completely devoid of any factual support. Indeed, Dr. Cargill himself directly contradicts SCO's claim: in his report, he explains that the book that SCO refers to is not what Dr. Cargill used to "locate certain additional UNIX system calls" but one that he "used as an independent source to verify the accuracy of my work." (Cargill Rpt. at 25.) Moreover, the system calls that Dr. Cargill claims infringe SCO's copyrights were included (as Dr. Cargill demonstrates) in versions 2.4 and 2.6 of the Linux kernel. (See Cargill Rpt. Ex. D(5).) These versions of the kernel were released on January 21, 2001 and December 18, 2003, respectively. The claim that SCO did not (or could not have) discovered these system calls until April 2006 is simply untenable. For years SCO included them in its own Linux products.

16 In support of its assertion that IBM's experts have already evaluated the newly-identified material, SCO points to Professor Kernighan's report relating to SCO's infringement allegations. (SCO Opp'n at 13-16.) But until SCO submitted the Cargill report, neither IBM nor any of its experts, including Professor Kernighan, knew that SCO claimed IBM misused the new material identified in the Cargill report. The Court ordered, and the parties agreed, that SCO's claims would be limited to the Final Disclosures. The Final Disclosures make no specific mention of the new material. SCO's responses to IBM's interrogatories also make no mention of it. While Professor Kernighan addresses some of the material considered in the Cargill report (i.e., the material identified in the Final Disclosures), Professor Kernighan does not address any of the new material specifically identified for the first time in the Cargill report -- none of it. To do so now would require a whole round of litigation.


  


IBM's Memo in Opposition to SCO's Objections to Order (Confine) and SCO Motion to Amend Submission | 563 comments | Create New Account
Comments belong to whoever posts them. Please notify us of inappropriate comments.
Corrections here please
Authored by: feldegast on Saturday, April 14 2007 @ 09:14 AM EDT
So PJ can fix them

---
IANAL
My posts are ©2004-2007 and released under the Creative Commons License
Attribution-Noncommercial 2.0
P.J. has permission for commercial use.

[ Reply to This | # ]

Off Topic
Authored by: feldegast on Saturday, April 14 2007 @ 09:15 AM EDT
For interesting links and other things Off Topic, please make links clickable
(see instructions when posting).

---
IANAL
My posts are ©2004-2007 and released under the Creative Commons License
Attribution-Noncommercial 2.0
P.J. has permission for commercial use.

[ Reply to This | # ]

this is
Authored by: desertrat on Saturday, April 14 2007 @ 10:19 AM EDT
truly a work of beauty.

Well done, IBM.

*golf clap*

Bravo!

[ Reply to This | # ]

Question...
Authored by: LocoYokel on Saturday, April 14 2007 @ 10:28 AM EDT
This raises the question in my mind: did SCO's experts analyze each and every line of code before raising the allegations? If not, on what are their opinions based that every line of code is infringing?
Simple, SCOX owns C++, Darl himself said so. Well Linux (the kernal, and probably much more) was written in C. C++ is an extension of C so therefore SCOX must own C also. As a result they also own any and everything written in C, C+, or C++, and probably C# also.

Hmmm, does MS know that SCOX has such huge ironclad claims to their new language and everything that was written in it?

---
Waiting for the games I play to be released in Linux, or a decent Windows emulator, to switch entirely.

[ Reply to This | # ]

David Boies in Florida
Authored by: vadim on Saturday, April 14 2007 @ 10:43 AM EDT
If the press quote PJ provided about David Boies problems with Florida Bar is
exact, it means that Boies is outright lying in his statement in the formular.

I wonder if this can be firmly etsablished and submited to
Utah court.

[ Reply to This | # ]

"Only one [strategy] worked"
Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, April 14 2007 @ 10:50 AM EDT
And that would be SCO's strategy which worked. The case has been going on for
over 4 years now, back to about the same time MS realized they weren't going to
get Longhorn out on time. I'd say SCO has done their job admirably, stretching
this 'case' out much longer than could be reasonably expected.

[ Reply to This | # ]

The expansion of copyright
Authored by: dyfet on Saturday, April 14 2007 @ 11:32 AM EDT
"I've long believed that this case is partly about trying to expand copyright law regarding how methods and concepts can be used in software cases, which I would imagine would benefit Microsoft, now that I think of it. Funny how it all seems to dovetail."

Yes, funny indeed. I had drawn much the same conclusion, which I think I stated in my very first post here (or one of my very first posts), that for SCO to win requires fundamental changes to how copyright is interpreted in ways that everyone else looses, with the same notable exception. That post now seems an eternity ago. This is why I always felt this case was and remains of extreme importance to follow.

However, I am shocked, truly shocked, that this circus has managed to continue even this long, and still continues onward. However, given the possibility, even rather remote, for such an interpretation to be accepted, whether by judge or implied by jury, it is easy to imagine how the "invisible hand" of our mysterious pipe fairy might choose to spend $50 million, or even more if necessary, for such an outcome.

[ Reply to This | # ]

On Strategy
Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, April 14 2007 @ 11:50 AM EDT
PJ makes some interesting observations here about the (re-)admission of David
Boies to this case. This set me thinking about strategy.

If you'll permit me the indulgence of a gross oversimplification, his arrival on
the scene at this juncture can really only be explained by one of let's say
three things:

1. That everying SCO/BSF has done up until now, including DBs admission, is part
of a larger strategy and therefore to plan.

2. That the legal Team, in a recent weekly meeting with BSF senior partners,
concluded that this case was, if you'll pardon the expression, Going To Hell In
A Hand-Basket, so it was time for drastic action.

3. That SCO, worried that their case was not going to their liking (there are
several root causes for that disquiet, depending on the depths of your
conspiracy theories) have stepped in and insisted that the man they paid for
gets personally involved. (In which case the admission is a sop to keep the
client happy).

Like I said at the outset, gross oversimplification!

However, just thinking through these potential scenarios:

1. The MasterPlan
This theory has several flaws. Firstly, what's special about this point in time?
Yes, there are important motions underway, but I'd argue that if Boies' presence
were really that important, then he should have been there to argue the case in
front of Judge Brooke Wells, before she threw out the bulk of their case. Both
tactically and strategically, that was a huge error on the part of BSF, and I
suspect lawyers all across the US chortled at that gaff.

Secondly, Boies has always been talked of and thought of in this case as a wow
with the jury, not necessarily someone who is willing to argue on the minutae of
detail in motion work like this. One has to wonder what he can bring to the
case, now, that the existing BSF team have not already leveraged (unless he's
got the contents of Blepp's briefcase, of course!) Is this the right place for
Boies to start? At his hourly rate, this is just going to eat into the pot of
gold at an accelerated pace...

2. The Knee-Jerk Reaction
So the second theory is that the cold, hard light of realisation has finally
dawned. If this is so, then we have to speculate as to what fact or event
brought about this change in view at BSF? Did Boies himself finally ask to look
at the evidence? Has there been some background room enquiries of a more
official nature that we're not party to? (Either from the Court or other
official body). What could have triggered Boies' arrival at this time? If this
is just a knee-jerk reaction to the state of the case, then what does this tell
us about their confidence of victory?

3. At SCOs Request
As before, there are sub-motivators that could be factors in SCO making an
insistence that Boies finally become directly involved in the case. Firstly, the
Directors of SCO may feel that their legal representation are not performing as
diligently as they might (no, really ;o) ) and have just insisted improvements
are made. Putting Boies into action might be an answer to a direct request.
Secondly, SCO might be doing this as part of an ongoing strategy with their
backers (the inevitable Microsoft connection) if such Pipe Fairy organisations
have requested another burst of publicity to stoke the fires of FUD that have
been smouldering for the duration of the case. Thirdly, it's likely that the
announcement could boost the stock price of SCO, which, as others have
commented, has slipped beneath the $1 mark. Since the sub-dollar value is going
to court a letter from the SEC and the threat of de-listing, SCO management
would likely want to do whatever they could to prop up that stock price. Perhaps
the announcement of Boies joining the day-to-day of the case is a leg of that
strategy?



By and large I don't like the idea of speculating in this way. I enjoy the
review and analysis of evidence and of learning more about the legal foot-work
on display, but ultimately I believe that conjecture as I've set out above is
not constructive. But in this case sheer puzzlement tips my hand.

From a "selfish" perspective, if this case is about to go seriously
pear-shaped for SCO/BSF, then becoming personally involved is about the last
thing that David Boies would want to do. It hardly helps his reputation to pop
up above the RADAR just in time for the court to slap his firm and his client
(and here I go, speculating again that such will happen. Sorry).

So the more obvious motives and reasons start to crumble when you consider
them.

All we can say, with certainty, is that there is likely to be more to this than
meets the eye.





As before, as had been said many times over, thanks and Kudos to PJ for her
tireless analysis of this case. Superb work, as ever.

[ Reply to This | # ]

Boies to the "rescue"? Ha!
Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, April 14 2007 @ 12:03 PM EDT
Is he going to do for SCO what he did for Al Gore? Sink the ship?

Anyone else remember how that French statistician in the 2000 election trial was
going on about how voting machines had higher errors in the first column was
utterly refuted when shown that the data he was using was *all* from the first
column?

And how Boies was caught utterly flatfooted when his apparent shenanigans with
that data were exposed when the statistician basically turned on Boies, saying
that the data was interpreted as it was given to the statistician?

So, Boies is sleazy, and he loses.

Fits SCO, doesn't he?

[ Reply to This | # ]

10th Circuit's reversal of Kimball
Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, April 14 2007 @ 12:45 PM EDT

This quote is from the 10th Circuit, in reversing Kimball five years ago. It bothers me because there is now also no trial date set for IBM. Even worse, Hatch is the attorney who won the reversal.

To me, it explains much of the delay in this case -- although it has irony, in that Hatch was arguing very specifically in this copyright case, quoting chapter and verse about infringement, something SCO has refused to do in IBM.

Still, I would enjoy a refutation that the following quote doesn't compel Kimball to reopen discovery in IBM. The link is to the entire text of the 10th Circuit's ruling. (No, I haven't Shepardized it.)

Jacobsen vs. Deseret Book Co.

"As the case is no longer on the eve of trial, the district court could allow Dr. Hughes and Deseret Book time to file complete expert reports without jeopardizing the trial schedule."

[ Reply to This | # ]

From what ive just read im surprised SCO doesn't SUE every OS maker
Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, April 14 2007 @ 01:09 PM EDT
Seems every OS does some thing simular whethar i /you coded it without any
knowledge of unix is irrelevant according to SCO
Who cares anyhting thats simular is mine all mine.
What idiacy allows this?

[ Reply to This | # ]

IBM's Memo in Opposition to SCO's Objections to Order (Confine) and SCO Motion to Amend Submissi
Authored by: drh on Saturday, April 14 2007 @ 01:19 PM EDT
There are over 7 million lines of code in the Linux versions, round that to an
even 7 million. There are actually only 326 lines of code that the court said
could be disputed.

They are actually arguing about:

.0046% of the codebase
24 minutes this year
18 days of my expected life span
Less than 1% of one day of one of a cats nine lives
Just about enough time for a dog to bark at the above cat (in dog years of
course)
not even an ounce of flesh much less a pound
13 ounces of my body weight (do your own math!)
1.8% of BSF's Fee
A rather negative amount of SCO's earnings
Roughly 18 1/2 stitches in the average Red Dress
3.8 sqft of office space in the Empire State Building
Enough land in Alaska to hold one house, one car, and one attitude ridden
bear

And yes, my calculations could be just as bad as SCOs :)


---
Just another day...

[ Reply to This | # ]

Enter David Boies
Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, April 14 2007 @ 01:20 PM EDT
I think David Boies was admitted to the SCO v IBM case because:

1) SCO is on it's last legs -- like PJ implied. Unless someone injects some serious antibiotics and steroids into SCO's turkey of a case, it will soon face the grinder.

2) Boies wants to give the impression that he is actually earning his money. Perhaps Darl McBride complained directly to Boies, and he felt compelled to show SOME kind of effort for the $20-odd million dollars in lawyers fees. It's analagous to the doctor taking your pulse and reflexes when you come in for a head cold -- the doctor knows nothing can be done, but makes an effort for appearances' sake. After all, some kind of work must be shown for the 5 minute interlude and subsequent $100 charge.

3) Boies is hoping for a return on his SCO shares. I'd say it is much too late... given that SCO shares are now sub-dollar in value.

4) David Boies needed some reason to bring out his favorite King Leonidas outfit.

[ Reply to This | # ]

To Know The Unknown....
Authored by: TheBlueSkyRanger on Saturday, April 14 2007 @ 01:37 PM EDT
Hey, everybody!

PJ mentioned something in her write-up that has sort of been at the back of my
mind for a while, but this brought it kicking and screaming to light. And it
ties is with the speculation as to why SCO went after IBM instead of starting
with the smaller fishies. Permit me to explain....

The law doesn't seem to act, but react. It doesn't anticipate problems and
deficiencies, it adapts to what happens. Sometimes it is created quickly, as
with stalkling laws, sometimes it takes a while. It evolves, if you will,
depending on the environment.

As such, any new situation is usually allowed to operate as it is until it is
felt law is needed to provide some order. Case in point: pretexting. Done
under the cover that it would be a useful tool for investigations, pleas by
people like me that this was a bad idea were regarded as hand-wringing. It
wasn't until people found out it was being abused and there was no recourse that
action was finally taken.

Cyberspace is the last great frontier (at least, until colonization of planets
starts, but that doesn't seem like it'll happen in my lifetime). It is the Wild
West--people have to tend to their own afairs and watch their step in a
Darwinian environment because those who enforce the law are not in a position to
take immediate action. The result is frontier justice, with the good and bad
that implies.

As the law reacts instead of initiates, all kinds of fun can happen here. A
group of very powerful companies sees that what defines behavior is vague and
attempts to set rules that tilt their way.

I bring this up because of PJ pointing out that the angles SCO is working to win
its case dovetails with M$ concerns. Basically, the law hasn't caught up with
cyberspace, and everyone is trying to take advantage of it. IP laws, patent
laws, everything that would be laughed at if dealing with physical objects is
being given weight here.

I wonder if this was the whole purpose all along. M$ and SCO saw how vague,
fast, and loose the rules are for computer affairs, and the lawsuit attempted to
take advantage of that, solidifying a precident that could be used to not only
shield them from patent infringement claims, but enable them to Hoover up even
more patents from other people, and since they had deeper pockets, they would be
able to withstand the assault.

The problem was, the smaller cases they could make were just individual programs
and processes. They needed an actual method and concept they could attack.
With judges and the law in general unclear on how cyberspace worked, any bluff
could be argued to have a legal basis. Like My Cousin Vinny: "...but he's
only gonna show you the bricks from this angle. Because if you look at it any
other way, you see how thin they are."

If so, the big gamble they were so sure would work backfired. It's not that IBM
was willing to fight, although that helped. It was the very Darwinian
environment they thought would not be involved. On the 'Net every day,
arguments are started because of some small disagreement and people being smug
about their own opinions. Usually, they consume each other through direct
attack. The last thing they expected was that the different elements would
actually unite into a single entity, providing a challenge they not only
couldn't beat easily, but beat at all.

I wonder if the whole case was timed to take advantage of an environment that
hadn't organized, but not only did it organize in record time, it has helped
established an order that short circuits future attempts to exploit its open
nature (the PUBPAT challenges, for example).

What do you think? Was this a simple scheme to kite the stock, or was it an
attempt to use an ungoverned area to expand their bases before it was too late?

Dobre utka,
The Blue Sky Ranger

"You got to go out, seek out, ask out, find out
"Give us twenty minutes and we'll turn your mind out."
--Marginal Prophets
"Hip Hop Hypocracy"

[ Reply to This | # ]

IBM's Memo in Opposition to SCO's Objections to Order (Confine) and SCO Motion to Amend Submissi
Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, April 14 2007 @ 04:05 PM EDT
Did you notice at the time or realize how significant that Scheduling Order
would turn out to be?

Well, any groklaw reader would have had to know years ago. It is truly
remarkable that SCO tried anyway.

And presumably it's Boies' very personal conceitedness that got them there, and
no one else's fault. The boss knows it all, and probably just ordered the
strategy. If it hadn't been Boies himself who thought he could get away with
anything, he'd HAVE to fire the guy that's responsible - and presumably any of
his subordinates would have known better than to risk this openly stupid
gamble.

That's why he's doing it himself. It's his very personal ignorance that's
hitting his client now, and perhaps even provably so. SCO might sue him next,
and with a good chance of success, one might guess. By going himself, he's
making himself look better when SCO vs. BSF happens - but unless that judge is
blind, that won't help him much either.

[ Reply to This | # ]

off topic - IBM's Memo in Opposition to SCO's Objections to Order (Confine) and SCO
Authored by: iraskygazer on Saturday, April 14 2007 @ 04:10 PM EDT
This case and the history in Groklaw should be proof enough to anybody around
the globe that patents and IP rights for software are bogus.
The nature of software development leads to the development of similar solutions
to the same problem set even when the solutions are written in different
programming languages. This very basic premise leads to the conclusion that all
software developers and companies have and will continue to tread on each others
ideas and concepts, IP, for the resolution of any problem that can be solved
through the use of software.
I not only believe that IP and patents of software are bogus but can prove that
those who have the belief that they are valid and should be applied to software
are simply keeping that concept alive to control the copious amount of money
involved. It is all about money and has nothing to do with what is right and
good for society. Everything that the SCO lawyers have been doing, as a supposed
successor of UNIX, has been diametrically opposite of the actions made by the
creator of UNIX. AT&T purposefully released the specs for UNIX APIs so
anybody could create components to attach to their OS. They released or promoted
the creation of open standards to promote competition. When Linux came to the
world AT&T didn't attack it. Neither did Novell when they were producing
UNIX. So why does the next company in line start attacking Linux at a time when
they also created their own line of Linux OS. Money, greed and power, that
control over Linux would forward to SCO, is the reason for this lawsuit. The
extreme quest for power and control over everything *NIX is what has driven this
lawsuit and nothing else.
This case is all anybody in the software industry would need to prove that IP
and patents can not be implemented to improve the use of software around the
world. IP and patents are the antithesis for the creation of software that is
useful for everybody around the globe. To make things worse, IP and patents, are
actually a serious problem when attempting to implement 'open standards' that
everybody can use without restriction or concern for a lawsuit being brought.
Just look at the litigious atmosphere that has developed in the US due to the
newly imposed IP rights given to software giants. The way things are in the US
nobody dares even think about the same problem set being addressed by giants
like Microsoft and even IBM for fear that they might be squished like an ant in
the street.

[ Reply to This | # ]

Cavalry or chevalry?
Authored by: IMANAL on Saturday, April 14 2007 @ 05:25 PM EDT
If I remember correctly, PJ described, some years ago, David Boies as a very
competent lawyer. Should one then see this move as SCO bringing the cavalry (or
perhaps even the artillery)? Could there then even be room for chevalry?!

-

---
--------------------------
IM Absolutely Not A Lawyer

[ Reply to This | # ]

timing of the cavalry ...
Authored by: nola on Saturday, April 14 2007 @ 06:19 PM EDT
I wonder if the appearance of Boise may have something to do with the
sudden realization that, not only is the case going badly, it is so bad that
there
is a strong likelihood that the corporate veil will be pierced.

It may be that Boise's intent is to snatch a "defeat" from a rout and
thereby
prevent the unveiling. Given the current state of the case, a mere defeat would

indeed be a victory!

[ Reply to This | # ]

IBM's Memo in Opposition to SCO's Objections to Order (Confine) and SCO Motion to Amend Submissi
Authored by: electron on Saturday, April 14 2007 @ 08:59 PM EDT
> Second, SCO claims that "IBM has known for over two years,
> at least since IBM brought its broad Tenth Counterclaim,
> that this case involves the question of whether Linux is
> substantially similar to UNIX System V under the copyright
> laws"....

If SCO wins a spurious copyright claim that Linux is "substantially
similar" to the SCO branded versions of Unix and therefore is illegal; then
Micro$oft should win any case it might bring against such things as, for
example, ReactOS, Open Office, Firefox, Kaffeine, and DR-DOS.

1/ ReactOS is (or will be) a complete and exact replacement for MS Windows, to
be used where someone would otherwise have installed and used MS Windows.

2/ Open Office is "substantially similar" to MS Office in that it has
a similar GUI and performs much of the same functions. After all, you can format
text on a page, manipulate data in a spreadsheet, create and use
"powerpoint" presentations, and usefully store and retrieve
information from databases. Come to think of it, OpenOffice is also
"substantially similar" to Corel Office

3/ Firefox is "substantially similar" to MS internet Explorer in that
it can display web pages.

4/ Kaffeine is, of course, "substantially similar" to MS Media
Player... in that it plays multimedia content.

5/ DR-DOS is "substantially similar" to MS-DOS in that any software
designed to run on MS-DOS will also run on DR-DOS. The APIs are identical.

6/ Of course the colour green is "substantially similar" to any other
shade of green in that it is not red.

I suppose what I am saying here, is that Linux is as "substantially
similar" to SCO's UnixWare or Open Server as is any other Possix compliant,
or unix-like OS in that all thses OSes start out as "substantially
similar" ideas, then turn into "substantially similar" methods
& concepts and then get turned into "substantially similar" binary
digits being turned on or off.

...but then, SCO conveniently has the software equivalent of colour blindness.


---
Electron

"A life? Sounds great! Do you know where I could download one?"

[ Reply to This | # ]

How Groklaw can save SCO a lot of money
Authored by: JR on Saturday, April 14 2007 @ 10:57 PM EDT
Groklaw has pointed many defects that the Boies lawyers have made during this
litigation. Not that SCO has a case at all, but they could do a little Groklaw
searching and try to get some of those fees back from Boies. Multiply every
low-quality thing Boies has done for SCO times the time they charged, and SCO
can argue for some credit to extend its agony. So, maybe the best money making
thing SCO can do today is read groklaw and try to get a refund from Boies:)

Of course, if SCO had listened in the beginning, they might have saved a lot of
money by not pushing with a hopeless litigation.

[ Reply to This | # ]

On the Origin of JFS in Linux - AIX or OS/2
Authored by: sk43 on Saturday, April 14 2007 @ 11:19 PM EDT
JFS first appeared in the mainstream Linux kernel in version 2.4.20 in November,
2002, before SCO began making threatening noises to IBM. IBM claims that the JFS
in Linux came from OS/2, while SCO claims that it came from AIX. How to decide?
One way to get a clue is to look for the strings "AIX" and
"OS/2" in the Linux source code.

The JFS files are in the "linux/fs/jfs" directory. We run the
following commands to determine the number of lines of code with each of the
target strings (case-insensitive):

grep -i OS/2 linux/fs/jfs/* | wc
grep -i AIX linux/fs/jfs/* | wc

The returned number of lines of code are as follows:

OS/2: 15
AIX: 1

Based on this, OS/2 is the winner by a long shot. Just to be sure, let's check
some of the code in detail.

The one AIX-related line of code is in this section:

/* platform option (conditional compilation) */
#define JFS_AIX 0x80000000 /* AIX support */
/* POSIX name/directory support */

#define JFS_OS2 0x40000000 /* OS/2 support */
/* case-insensitive name/directory support */

#define JFS_DFS 0x20000000 /* DCE DFS LFS support */

#define JFS_LINUX 0x10000000 /* Linux support */
/* case-sensitive name/directory support */

Hmmm, curious, but proves nothing.

What about the OS/2 lines? We have one example above; here's another:

jfs_attr.h
/*
* jfs_ea_list describe the on-disk format of the extended attributes.
* I know the null-terminator is redundant since namelen is stored, but
* I am maintaining compatibility with OS/2 where possible.
*/

What was it that Steve Best, IBM said in 2001? Oh, yes: (www.osnews.com
interview 2001-08-28):

"The JFS for Linux is a port from OS/2 and has an OS/2 compatibility
option. The OS/2 source was also used for the JFS2 just release[d] on AIX 5L.
There is a JFS1 on AIX and we didn't use this source base, since the OS/2 source
base was a new 'ground-up' scalable design started in 1995."

Sorry, SCO, OS/2 wins. By a landslide.

[ Reply to This | # ]

  • Oh, really? - Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, April 15 2007 @ 03:30 AM EDT
    • Oh, really? - Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, April 15 2007 @ 03:35 AM EDT
    • Oh, really? - Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, April 15 2007 @ 05:27 AM EDT
    • It was correct - Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, April 15 2007 @ 01:07 PM EDT
    • Oh, really? - Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, April 15 2007 @ 09:08 PM EDT
  • And in an ironic tribute to MSFT - Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, April 15 2007 @ 12:34 PM EDT
IBM's Memo in Opposition to SCO's Objections to Order (Confine) and SCO Motion to Amend Submissi
Authored by: sbranden on Sunday, April 15 2007 @ 12:04 AM EDT
Perhaps bringing up DB is just a way to bring the stock price up over $1. Thus
saving some immediate hassles.

shaun

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ambush halted on Pearl Harbor Day
Authored by: grouch on Sunday, April 15 2007 @ 12:48 AM EDT
In yet another little irony of this case, SCOG's attempt to ambush IBM has so far been stopped by work accomplished in court on Pearl Harbor Day.

Someday we should see a smoking caldera instead of SCOG. Maybe by St. Valentine's Day, next year?

---
-- grouch

http://edge-op.org/links1.html

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The Expert Reports - does Groklaw have them?
Authored by: crs17 on Sunday, April 15 2007 @ 01:43 AM EDT
There is a lot of discussion about the Cargill report and all of the other
expert reports. As a techie, I'd very much like to read them, but looking
around around the Groklaw archives and the Legal Docs links I can't find them.
Have they been released publicly? Are they here on Groklaw? If so, where?

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IBM's Memo in Opposition to SCO's Objections to Order (Confine) and SCO Motion to Amend Submissi
Authored by: webster on Sunday, April 15 2007 @ 01:50 AM EDT
..
1. Terms of accusation: misdirection, circumvent, reinvent, end run, baseless
p. 1; sneak in, p. 7; litigate by ambush, p. 10; sandbagging, p. 20. So much
for respectfully disagreeing.

2. Preliminary Statement. "Contrary to SCO’s contention, it was not
reasonable for SCO to omit the supplemental material from its Final
Disclosures[.]" p. 3, the heretofore winning conclusion. They note that
SCO has offered no justification for their attempt to introduce this material
late. SCO does not have a chance unless and until they do so. They stubbornly
stick to the theory that it is reasonable. The explanation that they wisely do
not give it that it was deliberate.

3. Statement of Facts. "Despite their length, SCO's papers ignore the
facts..." Thus begins the familiar history. p. 3. IBM details the
discovery requests, the orders, the deadlines, the stipulation, then the Final
disclosures and the "End Run" with voluminous additional material in
the export reports. p. 3-7. IBM then details the illustrious history of their
motion quoting the ruling from the bench. pp. 8-9.

4. The standard of review is deferential, but IBM welcomes 'de novo', too, just
to cover all bets. With the Motion to Amend IBM takes no prisoners: "SCO
does not identify any legal basis for its motion to amend, which is by itself
fatal to SCO's application,..." p. 12. Otherwise they argue the standard
is "extremely compelling circumstances". p. 12.

5. SCO's arguments are baseless and IBM has ample rules and caselaw to back it
up. More interesting is the argument that SCO admits it did not disclose the
expert materials in these motions and they offer no justification. One wonders
if BSF has done this or had it done to them successfully before. If successful
it would be an effective and frustrating tactic.

6. IBM argues that it was proper for the Judges to strike the items what were
indicated but without sufficient specificity. It is therefore proper not to
admit that which was not indicated at all in the Final Disclosures. p. 15.

7. IBM reminds the Court how SCO has tried to twist the orders of the Court:
"If SCO's revisionist view of the Court's order and the parties' agreement
were correct, neither the Order nor the stipulation would have any meaning. As
SCO construes them, SCO would be free to identify new material at any time
including during trial." p. 18. SCO has had to rely on its
misapprehension skills, which are formidable. The judges see through it. The
section on "SCO's Purported Belief in its Compliance" discusses how
unreasonable and twisted SCO's position is. p 18-20.

8. IBM cites factual and procedural grounds to refute SCO on prejudice. They
waived the argument, and the delay makes IBM redo everything. SCO can't change
its case now. They didn't argue prejudice bafore Wells so they can't bring it
up now. Theoretically the Judge should send new arguments back to Wells. They
aren't to supposed to add anything new. They argue that they had publicized
their general infringing allegations. IBM responds in footnote ten, "to
state this argument is to refute it."

9. IBM says that SCO arguments on expert reports are meritless. SCO says it
didn't [couldn't?]have to disclose non-literal copying. That argument refutes
itself, too. It is an admission. SCO argues that they only have to lpresent
examples of misuse through their experts. IBM correctly points out that the
Court ordered specificity. If SCO was confused, then they should have asked the
Court for clarification over the years. IBM does not strain with any of these
issues. They just plow them under.

10. The Motion to Amend. IBM says it lacks merit. That is polite. It is
shameless, superfluous, but one thinks they would have done better to file this
alone and beg for a break in the interest of justice, and mercy to their client.
SCO can't establish extremely compelling circumstances. Then IBM details SCO's
claim of ignorance until Dr. Cargill produced this report. They note that SCO
has been distributing some of the code in question for years.

11. SCO claims that it would be prejudiced without this material. SCO says IBM
has analyzed it. IBM says that SCO hasn't analyzed or sufficiently specified
the material despite it being in the expert reports. In one report they merely
added 73 more files. p.33.

12. This is a Motion that has already been won. It will fare no better for SCO
this go around.

13. Boi(s)e(s) will create a splash and try and drive the agenda. But he is
limited by these briefs and the trend against SCO. He should read all of the
transcripts where the Judge speaks. He should go over the briefs in case he is
asked anything. Otherwise he should make a plea for a break for justice and
fairness for his client. He won't do much better than Normand with this
material. He should familiarize himself with the history of the case lest he
risk embarassment. He could start by reading GL.






---
webster

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Why Boies Is Appearing
Authored by: Steve Martin on Sunday, April 15 2007 @ 09:46 AM EDT
There has been all kinds of speculation regarding the Boies re-admission PHV. I
make no claim of legal expertise, but it seems pretty simple to me: he's being
brought in for oral argument regarding these two motions. If TSG can't win at
least one of them, the future is very grim, so my guess is Boies is shoving
aside Hatch, Normand, and all the other guys we've seen argue in Court up to
now, and is taking the baton. Not surprising at all.

---
"When I say something, I put my name next to it." -- Isaac Jaffee, "Sports
Night"

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IBM's Memo in Opposition to SCO's Objections to Order (Confine) and SCO Motion to Amend Submission
Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, April 15 2007 @ 12:23 PM EDT
"Based on NCSA Mosaic. NCSA Mosaic(TM); was developed at the National
Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign."

From the "about box" for Internet Explorer 6.

From a public machine at a hotel.

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IBM's Memo in Opposition to SCO's Objections to Order (Confine) and SCO Motion to Amend Submissi
Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, April 15 2007 @ 12:24 PM EDT
SCO's motion is critical and potentially pivotal, and Boies
isn't damaged goods (yet) before these judges, who have seen enough of the rest
of the SCO legal team. Boies thinks he'll get a fresh ear to his overarching
'public policy' arguments.

If SCO loses, they are, as has been pointed out, nearly finished.

But if they were to win this motion, the damage would be widespread -- for
example, IBM's argument that "[if] it was proper for the Judges to strike
the items what were indicated but without sufficient specificity. It is
therefore proper not to admit that which was not indicated at all in the Final
Disclosures" will be turned against IBM and the Judge/magistrate on appeal
-- in other words, if the Judge allows SCO to bring in new evidence after the
deadline, then it was inconsistent to strike the incompletely presented evidence
at the discovery deadline.

So Boies will try to win some marginal "give" from the Judge arging
from "public policy", then if the Judge falls for it, Boies will turn
around and stick it to the Judge before the Court of Appeals. I hope the Judge
can see this gambit for what it is.

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Access to code - I hope the judge rubs it in
Authored by: Anonymous on Monday, April 16 2007 @ 12:40 AM EDT
Remember when SCO was asking for access to billions of lines of IBM code and
finally got it? Well, I think it's time the judge rubs their noses in it and
tells them they had all the time and all the code they wanted, when it counted,
but that it doesn't count any more.

SCO - the rudeness supreme.

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Sloppy mistakes - Boise giving up?
Authored by: GLJason on Monday, April 16 2007 @ 11:21 AM EDT

Mistake #1: SCO doesn't challenge every reason the order was entered. IBM points out that failing to address any reason constitutes a waiver of challenging that reason.

Contrary to SCO's suggestion, the Order was not based solely on this Court's Scheduling Order. Magistrate Judge Wells also based her decision on: "the parties' Stipulation re Scheduling Order dated December 7, 2005, this Court's order dated June 28, 2006, and Judge Kimball's order dated November 29, 2006". (12/21/06 Order at 2 (Docket No. 906).) Any one of these grounds, which are unchallenged by SCO, is sufficient to justify affirmance of Judge Wells' decision. In fact, where a party fails to challenge an alternative ground for a holding, it waives any claim of error with respect to the court's decision on that issue. See, e.g., GFF Corp. v. Associated Wholesale Grocers, Inc., 130 F.3d 1381, 1387-88 (10th Cir. 1997); Yumukoglu v. Provident Life & Acc. Ins. Co., 36 Fed. Appx. 378, 383 (10th Cir. 2002); see also United States v. Hatchett, 245 F.3d 625, 644-45 (7th Cir. 2001) (holding that in "situations in which there is one or more alternative holdings on an issue, . . . failure to address one of the holdings results in a waiver of any claim of error with respect to the court's decision on that issue.") (internal quotation marks omitted).

Mistake #2: SCO is raising new issues in this objection that weren't raised in front of the magistrate judge. This isn't allowed.

As an initial matter, SCO failed to raise this argument before Magistrate Judge Wells and therefore waived the right to pursue it on appeal. Issues raised for the first time in objections to the magistrate judge's recommendations are deemed waived. See, e.g., Marshall v. Chater, 75 F.3d 1421, 1426 (10th Cir. 1996) ("Issues raised for the first time in objections to the magistrate judge's recommendation are deemed waived."); Perkis v. Sirmons, No. 06-6147, 2006 U.S. App. LEXIS 26656 at *11 (10th Cir. Oct. 24, 2006) (same) (Addendum K hereto); Gibbs v. Massanari, 21 Fed. Appx. 813, 815 (10th Cir. 2001) (same); Dial v. Champion, 4 Fed. Appx. 640, 641 (10th Cir. 2001) (same).6
...
SCO asserts a number of specific arguments in support of its claim that IBM would not be prejudiced by SCO's end run of the Courts' orders and the parties' stipulation. Putting aside the fact that SCO raised none of these arguments in its memorandum in opposition to IBM's motion (before Judge Wells) and thus cannot pursue them on appeal, e.g., Marshall v. Chater, 75 F.3d 1421, 1426 (10th Cir. 1996) ("Issues raised for the first time in objections to the magistrate judge's recommendation are deemed waived."), none of the arguments bears the slightest scrutiny:

Mistake #3: In trying to get Dr. Cargill's "Linux as a whole is similar to Unix" argument into the case, SCO actually tries to argue that IBM should have known that it was in the case from the beginning. If that is so, there is no excuse for it not to be in the Final Disclosures since SCO should also have known since the beginning of the case.

Second, SCO claims that "IBM has known for over two years, at least since IBM brought its broad Tenth Counterclaim, that this case involves the question of whether Linux is substantially similar to UNIX System V under the copyright laws". (Obj. at 32.) While IBM and the rest of the world have long known that SCO generally accuses Linux of infringement (thus raising the question whether Linux is substantially similar to UNIX System V), IBM did not know that SCO sought to challenge the specific material at issue here until SCO submitted its expert reports nearly six months after the deadline for its Final Disclosures, after the close of fact discovery, simultaneous with the filing of initial expert reports, on the eve of the due date of IBM's opposing expert reports and when summary judgment briefs were forthcoming. The mere fact that IBM knew SCO accused IBM of infringement does not mean IBM knew anything more about SCO's claim. If knowing the general nature of a plaintiffs' claim were enough, then no defendant could ever establish prejudice based on a plaintiff's failure to disclose its allegations, as the complaint would tell the defendant all it ever needed to know.10

Mistake #4: SCO doesn't give a legal grounds for amending its final disclosures. Here is how IBM opens a motion for instance: "Pursuant to Rule 26 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Defendant/Counterclaim-Plaintiff International Business Machines Corporation ("IBM"), through counsel, hereby moves this Court for an Order compelling ..."

As an initial matter, DUCivR 7-1(b)(1) requires that all motions state the "grounds for the request and cite applicable rules, statutes, or other authority justifying the relief sought". DUCivR 7-1(b)(1). "This requirement is not procedural pedantry. Compliant motions set forth the relevant legal standard against which opposing counsel must contend and under which the court must operate." World Group Securities, Inc. v. Sanders, 06-00107, 2006 WL 1278738, at *2 (D. Utah May 8, 2006) (Addendum K hereto); see Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n v. Brockbank, No. 00-622, 2006 WL 223835, at *1 n.2 (D. Utah Jan. 30, 2006) (Addendum K hereto).

SCO's motion consists of a one-sentence request accompanied by a cross-reference to its memorandum. Neither SCO's motion nor its memorandum contains any citation to any "rules, statutes, or other authority justifying the relief sought." DUCivR 7-1(b)(1). The only authority cited in SCO's memorandum relates to its contentions that IBM would not be prejudiced by the proposed amendment and that SCO would be prejudiced by its denial (Mot. to Am. at 9-11), along with a citation to a single case allowing untimely discovered evidence to be used at trial but having nothing to do with amendments to interrogatory responses (id. at 7). This comes nowhere near compliance with Local Rule 7-1.

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